FHW/01-PA-Rev. 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation Pennsylvania Revised March 2003 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of Commerce Gale A. Norton, Donald L. Evans, Secretary Secretary Samuel W. Bodman, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Deputy Secretary Steve Williams, Director Economics and Statistics Administration Kathleen B. Cooper, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Charles Louis Kincannon, Director Department of Interior Economics and Statistics Gale A. Norton, Secretary Administration Kathleen B. Cooper Under Secretary for Economic Affairs FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Steve Williams, Director U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Charles Louis Kincannon Director Division of Federal Aid Kris E. LaMontagne, Chief As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure their development in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. The mission of the Department's Fish and Wildlife Service is to conserve, protect, and enhance fish and wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Service is responsible for national programs of vital importance to our natural resources, including administration of the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration and the Federal Aid of Wildlife Restoration Programs. These two grant programs provide financial assistance to the States for projects to enhance and protect fish and wildlife resources and to assure their availability to the public for recreational purposes. Multistate grants from these programs pay for the National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. Suggested Citation U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau. 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. Contents List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Survey Background and Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. vi Highlights Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Wildlife-Associated Recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Sportspersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Wildlife-Watching Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1991-2001 Survey Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Tables Guide to Statistical Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Fishing and Hunting Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Wildlife-Watching Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Appendices A. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 B. National and Regional 1991, 1996, and 2001 Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2 C. Participants 6 to 15 Years Old . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2 D. Sample Design and Statistical Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania iii List of Tables Fishing and Hunting: 2001 1. Fishing and Hunting in Pennsylvania by Resident and Nonresident Sportspersons: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2. Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips in Pennsylvania by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2001 . . . . . . . . . 17 3. Anglers and Hunters, Trips, and Days of Participation: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4. Pennsylvania Resident Anglers and Hunters by Place Fished or Hunted: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5. Pennsylvania Resident Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips in the United States by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6. Freshwater Anglers, Trips, Days of Fishing, and Type of Water Fished: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing in Pennsylvania by Type of Fish: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 8. Great Lakes Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing in Pennsylvania: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 9. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing in Pennsylvania by Type of Fish: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 10. Saltwater Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing in Pennsylvania: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 11. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing in Pennsylvania by Type of Fish: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 12. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting in Pennsylvania by Type of Hunting: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 13. Hunters and Days of Hunting in Pennsylvania by Type of Game: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 14. Hunters and Days of Hunting in Pennsylvania by Type of Land: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 15. Selected Characteristics of Pennsylvania Resident Anglers and Hunters: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 16. Summary of Expenditures in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents for Fishing and Hunting: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 17. Summary of Fishing Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents by Type of Fishing: 2001 . . . . 27 18. Summary of Hunting Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents by Type of Hunting 2001 . . . 28 19. Expenditures in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents for Fishing: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 20. Expenditures in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents for Hunting: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 21. Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Pennsylvania for Fishing and Hunting by Pennsylvania Residents and Nonresidents: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 22. Summary of Expenditures by Pennsylvania Residents in the United States for Fishing and Hunting: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 23. Summary of Expenditures by Pennsylvania Residents in State and Out of State for Fishing and Hunting: 2001 . . . . . . . . 33 Wildlife-Related Recreation: 2001 24. U.S. Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching in Pennsylvania: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 25. Participants, Trips, and Days of Participation in Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities in Pennsylvania: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 26. Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Participants Visiting Public Areas in Pennsylvania and Type of Site Visited: 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 27. Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Participants by Wildlife Observed, Photographed, or Fed in Pennsylvania: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 28. Participation in Residential (Around the Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities in Pennsylvania: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 29. Pennsylvania Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching in the United States: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 30. Wild Bird Observers and Days of Observation in Pennsylvania: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 31. Wild Bird Observers in Pennsylvania Who Can Identify Wild Birds by Sight or Sound, and Who Keep Birding Life Lists: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 32. Selected Characteristics of Pennsylvania Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 33. Expenditures in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents for Wildlife Watching: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 34. Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Pennsylvania for Wildlife Watching by Residents and Nonresidents: 2001 . . . . . . . . 40 35. Expenditures in the United States by Pennsylvania Residents for Wildlife Watching: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 36. Summary of Expenditures by Pennsylvania Residents in State and Out of State for Wildlife Watching: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . 42 37. Participation of Pennsylvania Resident Wildlife-Watching Participants in Fishing and Hunting: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 38. Participation of Pennsylvania Resident Sportspersons in Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 39. Participants in Wildlife-Associated Recreation by Participant's State of Residence: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 40. Participants in Wildlife-Associated Recreation by State Where Activity Took Place: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 41. Anglers and Hunters by State Where Fishing or Hunting Took Place: 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 iv Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Foreword Fish and wildlife resources are part of our Wildlife recreationists are among the American culture. Whether we are Nation's most ardent conservationists. fishing, hunting, watching wildlife or They not only contribute financially to feeding backyard birds, Americans derive conservation efforts, but also spend time many hours of enjoyment from wildlife- and effort to introduce children and other related recreation. Wildlife recreation is newcomers to the enjoyment of the the cornerstone of our Nation's great outdoors and wildlife. conservation ethic. I appreciate the assistance of those who The 2001 National Survey of Fishing, took time to participate in this valuable Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated survey. We all can be grateful that Recreation is a partnership effort with the America's great tradition of wildlife- States and national conservation related recreation remains strong. organizations, and has become one of the most important sources of information on fish and wildlife recreation in the United States. It is a useful tool that quantifies the economic impact of wildlife-based recreation. Federal, State, and private organizations use this detailed information Steve Williams to manage wildlife, market products, and Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service look for trends. The 2001 Survey is the U.S. Department of the Interior tenth in a series that began in 1955. More than 82 million U.S. residents fished, hunted, and watched wildlife in 2001. They spent over $108 billion pursuing their recreational activities, contributing to millions of jobs in industries and businesses that support wildlife-related recreation. Furthermore, funds generated by licenses and taxes on hunting and fishing equipment pay for many of the conservation efforts in this country. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania v Survey Background and Method The National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, design. The committees were made up of results at the State level. Altogether, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation agency representatives. interviews were completed for 25,070 (Survey) has been conducted since 1955 respondents from the sportspersons and is one of the oldest and most Data collection for the Survey was carried sample and 15,303 from the wildlife comprehensive continuing recreation out in two phases by the U.S. Census watchers sample. More detailed surveys. The purpose of the Survey is to Bureau. The first phase was the screen information on sampling procedures and gather information on the number of which began in April 2001. During the response rates is found in Appendix D. anglers, hunters, and wildlife-watching screening phase, the Census Bureau participants (formerly known as interviewed a sample of 80,000 Comparability With Previous Surveys nonconsumptive wildlife-related households nationwide to determine who participants) in the United States. in the household had fished, hunted, or The 2001 Survey's questions and Information also is collected on how often engaged in wildlife-watching activities in methodology were similar to those used these recreationists participate and how 2000, and who had engaged or planned to in the 1996 and 1991 Surveys. Therefore, much they spend on their activities. engage in those activities in 2001. In the estimates of all three surveys are most cases, one adult household member comparable. Preparations for the 2001 Survey began in provided information for all household 1999 when the International Association members. The screen primarily covered The methodology of the 2001, 1996, and of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (IAFWA) 2000 activities while the next, more in- 1991 Surveys did differ significantly from asked us, the Fish and Wildlife Service, to depth phase covered 2001 activities. For the 1985 and 1980 Surveys, so their conduct the tenth national survey of more information on the 2000 data, refer estimates are not directly comparable to wildlife-related recreation. Funding came to Appendix C. those earlier surveys. The changes in from the Multistate Conservation Grant methodology included reducing the recall Programs, authorized by Sport Fish and The second phase of the data collection period over which respondents had to Wildlife Restoration Acts, as amended. consisted of three detailed interview report their activities and expenditures. waves. The first wave began in April Previous Surveys used a 12-month recall We consulted with State and Federal 2001, the second in September 2001, and period which resulted in greater reporting agencies and nongovernmental the last in January 2002. Interviews were bias. Research found that the amount of organizations such as the Wildlife conducted with samples of likely anglers, activity and expenditures reported in 12- Management Institute and American hunters, and wildlife watchers who were month recall surveys was overestimated Sportfishing Association to determine identified in the initial screening phase. in comparison with that reported using survey content. Other sportspersons' These interviews were conducted shorter recall periods. See the Summary organizations and conservation groups, primarily by telephone, with in-person Section and Appendix B. industry representatives, and researchers interviews for those respondents who also provided valuable advice. could not be reached by telephone. Respondents in the second survey phase Four regional technical committees were were limited to those at least 16 years old. set up under the auspices of the IAFWA Each respondent provided information to ensure that State fish and wildlife pertaining only to his or her activities and agencies had an opportunity to participate expenditures. Sample sizes were in all phases of survey planning and designed to provide statistically reliable vi Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Highlights Introduction The National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, Wildlife-Associated Recreation fished, only hunted, and both hunted and and Wildlife-Associated Recreation Wildlife-associated recreation includes fished. It is not the sum of all anglers and reports results from interviews with U.S. fishing, hunting, and wildlife-watching all hunters, because those people who residents about their fishing, hunting, and activities. These categories are not both fished and hunted are included in other wildlife-related recreation. This mutually exclusive because many both the angler and hunter population and report focuses on 2001 participation and individuals enjoyed fish and wildlife in would be incorrectly counted twice. expenditures of U.S. residents 16 years of several ways in 2001. Wildlife-associated age and older. recreation is reported in two major Anglers categories: (1) fishing and hunting and In addition to the 2001 numbers, we also Anglers are sportspersons who only (2) wildlife watching (formerly provide 11-year trend data. The 2001 fished plus those who fished and hunted. nonconsumptive wildlife-related numbers reported can be compared with Anglers include not only licensed hook- recreation). Wildlife watching includes those in the 1991 and 1996 Survey reports and-line anglers, but also those who have observing, photographing, and feeding because these three surveys used similar no license and those who use special fish and wildlife. methodologies. However, the 2001 methods such as fishing with spears. estimates should not be directly compared Three types of fishing are reported: (1) Fishing and Hunting with the results from Surveys earlier than freshwater, excluding the Great Lakes, 1991 because of changes in methodology. This Survey reports information about (2) Great Lakes, and (3) saltwater. Since These changes were made to improve residents of the United States who fished many anglers participated in more than accuracy in the information provided. or hunted in 2001, regardless of whether one type of fishing, the total number of Trend information from 1991 to 2001 is they were licensed. The fishing and anglers is less than the sum of the three presented in Appendix B. hunting sections of this report are types of fishing. organized to report three groups: (1) The report also provides information on sportspersons, (2) anglers, and (3) Hunters participation in wildlife-related recreation hunters. Hunters are sportspersons who only in 2000, particularly of persons 6 to 15 hunted plus those who hunted and fished. years of age. The 2000 information is Sportspersons Hunters include not only licensed hunters provided in Appendix C. Additional Sportspersons are those who fished or using common hunting practices, but also information about the scope and coverage hunted. Individuals who fished or hunted those who have no license and those who of the Survey can be found in the Survey commercially in 2001 are reported as engaged in hunting with a bow and arrow, Background and Method section of this sportspersons only if they also fished or muzzleloader, other primitive firearms, or report. The remainder of this section hunted for recreation. The sportspersons a pistol or handgun. Four types of hunting defines important terms used in the group is composed of the three subgroups are reported: (1) big game, (2) small Survey. in the diagram below: (1) those who game, (3) migratory bird, and (4) other fished and hunted, (2) those who only animals. Since many hunters participated fished, and (3) those who only hunted. in more than one type of hunting, the sum The total number of sportspersons is of hunters for big game, small game, Sportspersons equal to the sum of people who only migratory bird, and other animals exceeds the total number of hunters. Anglers Hunters Fished Fished Hunted only and only hunted 2 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Wildlife-Watching Activities pleasure driving were included in the circuses, aquariums, or museums were not (formerly Nonconsumptive 1980 and 1985 Surveys but not in the considered wildlife-watching activities. Wildlife-Related Recreation) succeeding ones. Since 1980, the National Survey of Residential (around the home) Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Two types of wildlife-watching activity This group included those whose Recreation has included information on are reported: (1) nonresidential and (2) activities are within 1 mile of home and wildlife-watching activities in addition to residential. Because some people involve one or more of the following: fishing and hunting. However, the 1991, participate in more than one type of (1) closely observing or trying to identify 1996, and 2001 Surveys, unlike the 1980 wildlife-watching activity, the sum of birds or other wildlife; (2) photographing and 1985 Surveys, collected data only for participants in each type will be greater wildlife; (3) feeding birds or other those activities where the primary purpose than the total number of wildlife wildlife on a regular basis; (4) was wildlife watching (observing, watchers. The two types of wildlife- maintaining natural areas of at least one- photographing, or feeding wildlife). The watching activities are defined below. quarter acre where benefit to wildlife is Survey uses a strict definition of wildlife the primary concern; (5) maintaining watching. Participants must either take a Nonresidential (away from the home) plantings (shrubs, agricultural crops, etc.) "special interest" in wildlife around their This group included persons who took where benefit to wildlife is the primary homes or take a trip for the "primary trips or outings of at least 1 mile for the concern; or (6) visiting public parks purpose" of wildlife watching. Secondary primary purpose of observing, feeding, or within 1 mile of home for the primary wildlife-watching activities such as photographing fish and wildlife. Trips to purpose of observing, feeding, or incidentally observing wildlife while fish, hunt, or scout and trips to zoos, photographing wildlife. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 3 2001 Pennsylvania Summary (Participants 16 years old and older) Activities in the United States by Pennsylvania Residents Activities in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents Fishing Fishing Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,270,000 Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,266,000 Days of fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21,417,000 Days of fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,313,000 Average days per angler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Average days per angler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$762,242,000 Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$580,351,000 Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$470,977,000 Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$282,752,000 Equipment and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$291,265,000 Equipment and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$297,599,000 Average per angler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$600 Average per angler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$429 Average trip expenditure per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$26 Average trip expenditure per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$15 Trip and equipment expenditures by Trip and equipment expenditures by Pennsylvanians out of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$272,576,000 nonresidents in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$95,482,000 Hunting Hunting Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .867,000 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,000,000 Days of hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14,091,000 Days of hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13,955,000 Average days per hunter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Average days per hunter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$901,173,000 Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$941,036,000 Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$286,075,000 Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$189,881,000 Equipment and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$615,098,000 Equipment and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$751,155,000 Average per hunter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$1,040 Average per hunter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$914 Average trip expenditure per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$20 Average trip expenditure per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$14 Trip and equipment expenditures by Trip and equipment expenditures by Pennsylvanians out of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$166,186,000 nonresidents in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$82,380,000 Wildlife Watching Wildlife Watching Total wildlife-watching participants . . . . . . . . . . .3,522,000 Total wildlife-watching participants . . . . . . . . . . .3,794,000 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,173,000 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,279,000 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3,371,000 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3,371,000 Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$1,227,541,000 Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$961,799,000 Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$445,924,000 Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$171,658,000 Equipment and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$781,616,000 Equipment and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$790,142,000 Average per participant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$349 Average per participant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$253 Trip and equipment expenditures by Trip and equipment expenditures by Pennsylvanians out of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$339,624,000 nonresidents in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$94,989,000 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 5 Wildlife-Associated Recreation Participation in Pennsylvania activity levels of 6- to 15-year-old The 2001 Survey revealed that 4.6 participants and participants 16 years old million Pennsylvania residents and and older remained the same from 2000 Percent of Total Participation nonresidents 16 years old and older to 2001. Based on this assumption, in by Activity fished, hunted, or wildlife watched in addition to the 1,270,000 resident anglers (Total: 4.6 million participants) Pennsylvania. Of the total number of 16 years old and older in Pennsylvania, participants, 1.3 million fished, 1 million there were 490,000 resident anglers 6 to 83% hunted, and 3.8 million participated in 15 years old. Also, there were 867,000 wildlife-watching activities, including 16-year-old and older Pennsylvanians and observing, feeding, and photographing 103,000 6- to 15-year-old Pennsylvanians wildlife. The sum of anglers, hunters, who hunted. Finally, there were 3,522,000 and wildlife watchers exceeds the total Pennsylvanians 16 years old and older number of participants in wildlife-related and 629,000 Pennsylvanians 6 to 15 years recreation because many individuals old who wildlife watched. Further engaged in more than one wildlife information on 6 to 15 year olds is activity. provided in Appendix C. 28% 22% Participation by 6- to 15-year-old Expenditures in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Residents In 2001, state residents and nonresidents The focus of this report is on the activity spent $3 billion on wildlife recreation in of participants 16 years old and older Pennsylvania. Of that total, trip-related Fishing Hunting Wildlife Watching since they are the primary source of expenditures were $644 million and wildlife-associated expenditures. equipment purchases totaled $1.9 billion. However, the activity of 6 to 15 year olds The remaining $462 million was spent on can be calculated using the screening data licenses, contributions, land ownership covering the year 2000. It is assumed for and leasing, and other items and services. estimation purposes that the relative Wildlife-Associated Participants in Wildlife-Associated Recreation in Pennsylvania-2001 Recreation Expenditures in Pennsylvania (U.S. residents 16 years old and older) (Total: $3 billion) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 million Other Sportspersons 16% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 million Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 million Trip-related Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 million 22% Wildlife Watchers Equipment Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 million 63% Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 million Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 million Source: Tables 3, 24, 40. Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 6 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Sportspersons In 2001, 1.8 million state resident and sportspersons) and 1 million hunters (56 Another 517 thousand (29%) hunted but nonresident sportspersons 16 years old percent of all sportspersons). Among the did not fish there. The remaining 482 and older fished or hunted in 1.8 million sportspersons who fished or thousand (27%) fished and hunted in Pennsylvania. This group comprised 1.3 hunted in the state, 784 thousand (44%) Pennsylvania in 2001. million anglers (71 percent of all fished but did not hunt in Pennsylvania. Sportspersons' Participation in Pennsylvania (State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older) Sportspersons (fished or hunted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 million Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 million Fished only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 thousand Fished and hunted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 thousand Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 million Hunted only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 thousand Hunted and fished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 thousand Source: Table 1. Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 7 Anglers Participants and Days of Fishing who fished 1.3 million days-7 percent of Some state residents fished in other states In 2001, 1.3 million state residents and all fishing days in the state. as well as in Pennsylvania. In 2001, 450 nonresidents 16 years old and older fished thousand anglers fished in other states- in Pennsylvania. Of this total, 1 million There were 1.3 million Pennsylvanians 35 percent of the resident angler total. anglers (82%) were state residents and 16 years old and older who fished in the They fished 4.5 million days as 234 thousand anglers (18%) were United States in 2001. These anglers nonresidents, representing 21 percent of nonresidents. Anglers fished a total of fished a total of 21.4 million days. all days fished by Pennsylvania residents. 18.3 million days in Pennsylvania-an Approximately 1 million resident anglers For further details about fishing in average of 14 days per angler. State (81%) fished in Pennsylvania. They spent Pennsylvania, see Table 3. residents fished 17 million days, 93 17 million days, 79 percent of their total percent of all fishing days within fishing days, fishing in their resident Pennsylvania compared to nonresidents state. Anglers in Pennsylvania (State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older) Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 million Resident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 million Nonresident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 thousand Days of fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 million Resident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 million Nonresident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 million Source: Table 3. In-State/Out-of-State (State residents 16 years old and older) Pennsylvania anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 million In Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 million In other states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 thousand Days of fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 million In Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 million In other states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 million Source: Table 3. Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 8 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Fishing Expenditures in Pennsylvania Anglers spent $237 million on equipment The purchase of other items such as Anglers 16 years old and older spent in Pennsylvania in 2001, 41 percent of all magazines, membership dues, licenses, $580 million on fishing expenses in fishing expenditures. Fishing equipment permits, stamps, and land leasing and Pennsylvania in 2001. Trip-related (rods, reels, line, etc.) totaled $113 ownership amounted to $61 million-10 expenditures including food and lodging, million-48 percent of the equipment percent of all fishing expenditures. For transportation, and other expenses totaled total. Auxiliary equipment expenditures more details about fishing expenditures in $283 million-49 percent of all their (tents, special fishing clothes, etc.) and Pennsylvania, see Tables 19, 21-23. fishing expenditures. They spent $118 special equipment expenditures (boats, million on food and lodging and $78 pickups, etc.) amounted to $124 million, million on transportation. Other trip 52 percent of the equipment total. Special expenses such as equipment rental, bait, and auxiliary equipment are items that and cooking fuel totaled nearly $87 were purchased for fishing, but could be million. Each angler spent an average of used in activities other than fishing. $239 on trip-related costs during 2001. Fishing Expenditures in Pennsylvania (State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $580 million Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $283 million Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $237 million Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $113 million Auxiliary and special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $124 million Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $61 million Source: Table 19. Fishing Expenditures in Pennsylvania (Total: $580 million) Other 10% Trip-related 49% Equipment 41% U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 9 Hunters Participants and Days of Hunting Pennsylvania or 93 percent of all hunting Some state residents hunted in other states In 2001, there were 1 million residents days, while nonresidents spent 993 as well as in Pennsylvania. Altogether, and nonresidents 16 years old and older thousand days hunting in Pennsylvania, 7 95 thousand Pennsylvania hunters, 11 who hunted in Pennsylvania. Resident percent of all hunting days. percent of the total, hunted as nonresi- hunters numbered 858 thousand dents in other states. Their 1.1 million accounting for 86 percent of the hunters There were 867 thousand Pennsylvania days of hunting in other states represented in Pennsylvania. There were 142 residents 16 years old and older who 8 percent of all days Pennsylvania thousand nonresidents who hunted in hunted in the United States in 2001. Of residents spent hunting in 2001. For Pennsylvania-14 percent of the State's the total 14 million days of hunting by more information on hunting activities hunters. Residents and nonresidents state residents, 13 million days (92 by Pennsylvania residents, see Table 3. hunted 14 million days in 2001, an percent of the total) were spent pursuing average of 14 days per hunter. Residents game within Pennsylvania. hunted on 13 million days in Hunters in Pennsylvania (State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older) Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 million Resident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 thousand Nonresident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 thousand Days of hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 million Resident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 million Nonresident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993 thousand Source: Table 3. In-State/Out-of-State (State residents 16 years old and older) Pennsylvania hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 thousand In Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 thousand In other states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 thousand Days of hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 million In Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 million In other states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 million Source: Table 3. Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 10 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Hunting Expenditures in Pennsylvania Hunters spent $417 million on that were purchased for hunting but could Hunters 16 years old and older spent $941 equipment-44 percent of all hunting be used in activities other than hunting. million in Pennsylvania in 2001. Trip- expenditures. Hunting equipment (guns, related expenses such as food and ammunition, etc.) totaled $234 million The purchase of other items such as lodging, transportation, and other trip and comprised 56 percent of all magazines, membership dues, licenses, costs totaled $190 million, 20 percent of equipment costs. Hunters spent $183 permits, and land leasing and ownership their total expenditures. They spent $104 million on auxiliary equipment (tents, cost hunters $334 million-35 percent of million on food and lodging and $73 special hunting clothes, etc.) and special all hunting expenditures. For more million on transportation. Other expenses equipment (boats, pickups, etc.), details on hunting expenditures in such as equipment rental totaled $13 accounting for 44 percent of total Pennsylvania, see Tables 20-23. million for the year. The average trip- equipment expenditures for hunting. related expenditure per hunter was $190. Special and auxiliary equipment are items Hunting Expenditures in Pennsylvania (State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $941 million Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $190 million Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $417 million Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $234 million Auxiliary and special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $183 million Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $334 million Source: Table 20. Hunting Expenditures in Pennsylvania (Total: $941 million) Other 35% Trip-related 20% Equipment 44% U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 11 Wildlife-Watching Activities Participants and Days of Activity the wildlife watchers-enjoyed their nonresidential activities in Pennsylvania In 2001, 3.8 million U.S. residents 16 activities close to home and are called in 2001 numbered 1.3 million-34 years old and older fed, observed, or "residential" participants. Those persons percent of all wildlife watchers in photographed wildlife in Pennsylvania. who enjoyed wildlife at least 1 mile from Pennsylvania. Of the 1.3 million, 986 Approximately 89 percent-3.4 million of home are called "nonresidential" thousand were state residents and 293 participants. People participating in thousand were nonresidents. Pennsylvanians 16 years old and older Wildlife-Watching Participants in Pennsylvania who enjoyed nonresidential wildlife watching within their state totaled 986 (State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older) thousand. Of this group, 948 thousand participants observed wildlife, 391 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 million 100% thousand photographed wildlife, and 307 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 million 89% thousand fed wildlife. Since some Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 million 34% individuals engaged in more than one of the three nonresidential activities during Source: Table 24. the year, the sum of wildlife observers, Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. feeders, and photographers exceeds the total number of nonresidential participants. Pennsylvanians spent nearly 17 million Nonresidential (away from home) Wildlife-Watching Participation days engaged in nonresidential wildlife- in Pennsylvania watching activities in their state. During (State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older) 2001, they spent 12.8 million days observing wildlife, 2.7 million days Participants, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 million photographing wildlife, and 1.7 million days feeding wildlife. The sum of days Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 million observing, feeding, and photographing Photograph wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 thousand wildlife exceeds the total days of wildlife- Feed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 thousand watching activity because individuals may have engaged in more than one activity Days, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.0 million on some days. For further details about Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 million nonresidential activities, see Table 25. Photograph wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 million Feed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 million Pennsylvania residents also took an active interest in wildlife around their homes. In Source: Table 25. 2001, 3.4 million state residents enjoyed Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. observing, feeding, and photographing wildlife within 1 mile of their homes. Among this residential group, 2.8 million fed wildlife, 2.3 million observed wildlife, and 780 thousand photographed Residential (around the home) Wildlife-Watching Participation wildlife around their homes. Another 650 in Pennsylvania thousand participants maintained natural (State residents 16 years old and older) areas of one-quarter acre or more for wildlife; 542 thousand residential Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 million participants visited public parks within a Feed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 million mile of home; and 460 thousand Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 million participants maintained plantings for the benefit of wildlife. Adding the Photograph wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 thousand participants in these six activities results Maintain natural areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 thousand in a sum that exceeds the total number of Visit public areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 thousand residential participants because many Maintain plantings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 thousand people participated in more than one type of residential activity. For further details Source: Table 28. about Pennsylvania residents participating Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. in residential wildlife-watching activities, see Table 28. 12 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Wild Bird Observers bird species seen by a birder during his or their expenditures. Specifically, wildlife- Bird watching attracted many wildlife her lifetime-comprised 6 percent of all watching equipment (binoculars, special enthusiasts in Pennsylvania. In 2001, 2.7 wild bird observers in Pennsylvania. For clothing, etc.) totaled $359 million, 49 million people observed birds around the further details about birding in Pennsyl- percent of the equipment total. Auxiliary home and on trips. A large majority, 82 vania, see Tables 30 and 31. equipment expenditures (tents, percent (2.2 million), observed wild birds backpacking equipment, etc.) and special around the home while 38 percent (1 Wildlife-Watching Expenditures in equipment expenditures (campers, trucks, million) took trips away from home to Pennsylvania etc.) amounted to $370 million-51 watch birds. Participants 16 years old and older spent percent of all equipment costs. Special $962 million on wildlife-watching and auxiliary equipment are items that People bird watching in Pennsylvania activities in Pennsylvania in 2001. Trip- were purchased for wildlife-watching varied in their ability to identify different related expenditures, including food and recreation but can be used in activities bird species. Within Pennsylvania, more lodging ($102 million), transportation other than wildlife-watching activities. than 2 million of these 2.7 million birders ($60 million), and other trip expenses (75 percent) could identify 1 to 20 such as equipment rental ($10 million) Other items purchased by wildlife- different types of birds; 342 thousand amounted to $172 million. This watching participants such as magazines, birders (13 percent) could identify 21 to summation comprised 18 percent of all membership dues and contributions, land 40 types of birds; and 211 thousand wildlife-watching expenditures by leasing and ownership, and plantings birders (8 percent) could identify 41 or participants. The average trip-related totaled $60 million-6 percent of all more types of birds. expenditure for nonresidential participants wildlife-watching expenditures. For was $134 per person in 2001. more details about wildlife-watching Approximately 163 thousand wild bird expenditures in Pennsylvania, see enthusiasts kept birding life lists in 2001. Wildlife-watching participants spent $730 Table 33. Participants keeping these lists-a tally of million on equipment-76 percent of all Wild Bird Observers in Pennsylvania Wildlife-Watching (State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older) Expenditures in Pennsylvania Participants, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 million 100% (Total: $962 million) Residential (around the home) . . . . . . . 2.2 million 82% Other 6% Nonresidential (away from home) . . . . 1.0 million 38% Days, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 million 100% Trip-related 18% Residential (around the home) . . . . . . . 352 million 96% Nonresidential (away from home) . . . . 16 million 4% Equipment 76% Source: Table 30. Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Wildlife-Watching Expenditures in Pennsylvania (State residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $962 million Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $172 million Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $730 million Wildlife-watching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $359 million Auxiliary and special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $370 million Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $60 million Source: Table 33. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 13 1991-2001 Survey Comparisons Comparing the estimates from the 1991, estimate gives the range of estimates that expenditure activity of U.S. residents in 1996, and 2001 National Surveys 90 percent of all possible representative Pennsylvania. provides a picture of wildlife-related samples would supply. If the 90-percent recreation in the 1990s and early 2000s in confidence intervals of two survey's The expenditure estimates were made Pennsylvania. Only the most general estimates overlap, it is not possible to say comparable by adjusting the estimates for recreation comparisons are presented the two estimates are statistically different inflation-all dollar estimates are in 2001 here. at the 10 percent level of significance. dollars. Also, expenditure items that were not common to each survey were not The best way to compare estimates from The state resident estimates cover the included in the comparisons. Therefore, surveys is to compare the confidence participation and expenditure activity of expenditure estimates used in the intervals around the estimates-not to Pennsylvania residents anywhere in the comparisons may not match the estimates compare the estimates themselves. A 90- United States. The in-state estimates presented elsewhere in this report. percent confidence interval around an cover the participation, day, and Pennsylvania 1991 and 2001 Comparison 1991 2001 Percent change Fishing (Numbers in thousands) Anglers in-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,397 1,266 * Days in-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,313 18,313 ­25 In-state trip-related expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $345,743 $282,022 * State resident anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,426 1,270 * Total expenditures by state residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $880,765 $761,512 * Hunting (Numbers in thousands) Hunters in-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,027 1,000 * Days in-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,640 13,955 * In-state trip-related expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $215,546 $187,713 * State resident hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 867 * Total expenditures by state residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $697,992 $899,005 * Nonresidential Wildlife Watching (Numbers in thousands) Participants in-state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,070 1,279 ­38 Days in-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,062 18,990 * State resident participants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,790 1,173 ­34 Residential Wildlife Watching (Numbers in thousands) Total participants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,011 3,371 ­16 Observers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,925 2,325 ­21 Feeders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,672 2,812 ­23 Wildlife-Watching Expenditures (Numbers in thousands) Trip-related expenditures by state residents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $550,070 $428,205 * Total expenditures by state residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,417,030 $1,160,925 * *No significant difference at the 0.10 level of significance. 14 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Pennsylvania 1996 and 2001 Comparison 1996 2001 Percent change Fishing (Numbers in thousands) Anglers in-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,355 1,266 * Days in-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,901 18,313 * In-state trip-related expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $332,379 $282,022 * State resident anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,346 1,270 * Total expenditures by state residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,063,284 $761,512 ­28 Hunting (Numbers in thousands) Hunters in-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 1,000 * Days in-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,173 13,955 * In-state trip-related expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $204,242 $187,713 * State resident hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752 867 * Total expenditures by state residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $728,165 $899,005 * Nonresidential Wildlife Watching (Numbers in thousands) Participants in-state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,559 1,279 * Days in-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,123 18,990 * State resident participants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,310 1,173 * Residential Wildlife Watching (Numbers in thousands) Total participants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,383 3,371 * Observers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,406 2,325 * Feeders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,914 2,812 * Wildlife-Watching Expenditures (Numbers in thousands) Trip-related expenditures by state residents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $370,256 $428,205 * Total expenditures by state residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $997,992 $1,160,925 * *No significant difference at the 0.10 level of significance. Number of Pennsylvania Resident Number of Pennsylvania Resident Total Expenditures by Pennsylvania Hunters and Anglers: 1991-2001 Wildlife Watchers: 1991-2001 Residents: 1991-2001 (Thousands) (Thousands) (Millions. In constant 2001 dollars) Anglers Residential Anglers Hunters Nonresidential Hunters Total wildlife watchers 1,426 1,417 1,346 1,270 4,011 1,161 3,383 3,371 1,063 998 919 881 867 899 752 762 728 698 1,790 1,310 1,173 0 1991 1996 2001 1991 1996 2001 1991 1996 2001 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 15 Guide to Statistical Tables Purpose and Coverage of Tables Percentages Reported in the Tables Estimates based upon fewer than 10 The statistical tables of this report were Percentages are reported in the tables for responses are regarded as being based on designed to meet a wide range of needs the convenience of the user. When a sample size that is too small for reliable for those interested in wildlife-related exclusive groups are being reported, the reporting. An estimate based upon at least recreation. Special terms used in these base of a percentage is apparent from its 10 but fewer than 30 responses is treated tables are defined in Appendix A. context because the percents add to 100 as an estimate based on a small sample percent (plus or minus a rounding error). size. Other footnotes appear, as necessary, The tables are based on responses to the For example, if a table reports the number to qualify or clarify the estimates reported 2001 Survey which was designed to of trips taken by big game hunters (57 in the tables. In addition, these two collect data about participation in percent), those taken by small game hunters important footnotes appear frequently: wildlife-related recreation. To have taken (23 percent), those taken by migratory bird * Detail does not add to total because part in the Survey, a respondent must hunters (12 percent), and those taken by of multiple responses. have been a U.S. resident (a resident of sportspersons hunting other animals (8 one of the 50 states or the District of percent), then these percentages would total * Detail does not add to total because of Columbia). No one residing outside the 100 percent because they are exclusive multiple responses and nonresponse. United States (including U.S. citizens) categories. was eligible for interviewing. Therefore, "Multiple responses" is a term used to reported state and national totals do not Percents should not add to 100 when reflect the fact that individuals or their include participation by those who were nonexclusive groups are being reported. characteristics fall into more than one not U.S. residents or who were residing Using Table 2 as an example, note that category. Using Table 2 as an example, outside the United States. adding the percentages associated with those who fished in saltwater and total number of big game hunters, total freshwater appear in both of these totals. Comparability With Previous Surveys small game hunters, total migratory bird Yet each angler is represented only once in the "Total, all fishing" row. Similarly, The numbers reported can be compared hunters, and total hunters of other animals in Table 12 those who hunt for big game with those in the 1991 and 1996 Survey will not necessarily yield 100 percent and small game are counted only once as Reports. The methodology used in 2001 because respondents could hunt for more a hunter in the "Total, all hunting" row. was similar to that used in 1996 and 1991. than one type of game. Therefore, totals may be smaller than the These results should not be directly sum of subcategories when multiple compared to results from surveys earlier When the base of the percentage is not responses exist. than 1991 since there were major changes apparent in context, it is identified in a in methodology. These changes were footnote. For example, Table 12 reports 3 "Nonresponse" exists because the survey made to improve accuracy in the percentages with different bases: one for questions were answered voluntarily and information provided. the number of hunters, one for the number of trips, and one for days of hunting. some respondents did not or could not answer all the questions. The effect of Coverage of an Individual Table Footnotes are used to clarify the bases of the reported percentages. nonresponses is illustrated in Table 18 where the total for hunting expenditures Since the Survey covers many activities in may be greater than the sum for the various places by participants of different Footnotes to the Tables different types of hunting expenditures. ages, all table titles, headnotes, stubs, and Footnotes are used to clarify the This occurs because some respondents did footnotes are designed to identify and information or items that are being not specify the type of hunting as the articulate each item being reported in the reported in a table. Symbols in the body of primary purpose of the purchase. As a table. For example, the title of Table 2 a table indicate important footnotes. These result, it is known that the expenditures shows that data about anglers and hunters, symbols are used in the tables to refer to were for hunting, but it is not known their days of participation, and their the same footnote each time they appear: whether they were primarily for a number of trips are being reported by type particular type of hunting. In this case, of activity. By contrast, the title of Table 7 * Estimate based on a small sample size. totals are greater than the sum of indicates that it contains data on ... Sample size too small to report data subcategories when nonresponses have freshwater anglers and the days they reliably. occurred. fished for different species of fish. W Less than .5 dollars. Z Less than .5 percent. X Not applicable. NA Not available. 16 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 1. Fishing and Hunting in Pennsylvania by Resident and Nonresident Sportspersons: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Total, state residents and nonresidents Residents Nonresidents Sportspersons Percent of Percent of Percent of resident nonresident Number sportspersons Number sportspersons Number sportspersons Total sportspersons (fished or hunted) . . . . . . . . . . . 1,783 100 1,432 100 351 100 Total anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,266 71 1,032 72 234 67 Fished only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 44 575 40 209 60 Fished and hunted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 27 457 32 *25 *7 Total hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 56 858 60 142 40 Hunted only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 29 400 28 117 33 Hunted and fished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 27 457 32 *25 *7 * Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 2. Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips in Pennsylvania by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participants Days of participation Trips Type of fishing and hunting Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent FISHING Total, all fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,266 100 18,313 100 15,950 100 Total, all freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,266 100 18,313 100 15,950 100 Freshwater, except Great Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,163 92 17,201 94 15,434 97 Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *80 *6 *1,406 *8 *516 *3 Saltwater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... HUNTING Total, all hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 100 13,955 100 12,269 100 Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956 96 8,816 63 7,230 59 Small game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 37 3,135 22 2,930 24 Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *85 *9 *575 *4 *510 *4 Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *130 *13 *2,547 *18 *1,599 *13 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 17 Table 3. Anglers and Hunters, Trips, and Days of Participation: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Activity in Pennsylvania Activity by Pennsylvania residents in United States Anglers and hunters, trips, Total, state Total, in state In state In other and days of participation residents and State residents Nonresidents of residence and nonresidents in other states of residence states Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent FISHING Total anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,266 100 1,032 82 234 18 1,270 100 1,032 81 450 35 Total trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,950 100 15,030 94 920 6 17,856 100 15,030 84 2,826 16 Total days of fishing. . . . . . . . . 18,313 100 16,964 93 1,349 7 21,417 100 16,964 79 4,453 21 Average days of fishing . . . . . . 14 (X) 16 (X) 6 (X) 17 (X) 16 (X) 10 (X) HUNTING Total hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 100 858 86 142 14 867 100 858 99 *95 *11 Total trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,269 100 11,621 95 648 5 12,217 100 11,621 95 *596 *5 Total days of hunting . . . . . . . . 13,955 100 12,963 93 993 7 14,091 100 12,963 92 *1,128 *8 Average days of hunting . . . . . 14 (X) 15 (X) 7 (X) 16 (X) 15 (X) *12 (X) (X) Not applicable. * Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 4. Pennsylvania Resident Anglers and Hunters by Place Fished or Hunted: 2001 (State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Anglers Hunters Place fished or hunted Number Percent Number Percent Total, all places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,270 100 867 100 In-state only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803 63 772 89 In-state and other states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 18 *85 *10 In other states only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 17 ... ... * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail may not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 18 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 5. Pennsylvania Resident Anglers and Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips in the United States by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2001 (State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participants Days of participation Trips Type of fishing and hunting Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent FISHING Total, all fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,270 100 21,417 100 17,856 100 Total, all freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,008 79 18,306 85 15,955 89 Freshwater, except Great Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992 78 17,671 83 15,536 87 Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *69 *5 *1,306 *6 *419 *2 Saltwater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 26 2,825 13 1,901 11 HUNTING Total, all hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 100 14,091 100 12,217 100 Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 97 9,079 64 7,346 60 Small game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 39 3,036 22 2,875 24 Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *93 *11 *596 *4 *518 *4 Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *125 *14 *2,465 *17 *1,478 *12 * Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Table 6. Freshwater Anglers, Trips, Days of Fishing, and Type of Water Fished: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands. Excludes Great Lakes fishing) Activity in Pennsylvania Anglers, trips, and days of fishing Total, state residents and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,163 100 947 81 216 19 Total trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,434 100 14,639 95 795 5 Total days of fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,201 100 16,028 93 1,173 7 Average days of fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 (X) 17 (X) 5 (X) ANGLERS Total, all types of water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,163 100 947 81 216 19 Ponds, lakes or reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 100 628 83 132 17 Rivers or streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832 100 719 86 112 14 DAYS Total, all types of water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,201 100 16,028 93 1,173 7 Ponds, lakes or reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,718 100 7,048 91 670 9 Rivers or streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,665 100 10,136 95 529 5 (X) Not applicable. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 19 Table 7. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing in Pennsylvania by Type of Fish: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands. Excludes Great Lakes fishing) Activity in Pennsylvania Anglers and days of fishing Total, state residents and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent ANGLERS Total, all types of fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,163 100 947 81 216 19 Crappie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *114 *100 *99 *87 ... ... Panfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 100 *145 *82 *32 *18 White bass, striped bass, striped bass hybrids . . . . . . . . 153 100 *129 *84 *24 *16 Black bass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 100 465 85 82 15 Catfish, bullheads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 100 *145 *88 ... ... Walleye, sauger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *125 *100 *109 *88 ... ... Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids . . . . . . *59 *100 ... ... *24 *41 Steelhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646 100 561 87 85 13 Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Anything1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 100 185 83 *38 *17 Other freshwater fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... DAYS Total, all types of fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,201 100 16,028 93 1,173 7 Crappie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1,431 *100 *1,263 *88 ... ... Panfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,011 100 *1,742 *87 *269 *13 White bass, striped bass, striped bass hybrids . . . . . . . . 2,682 100 *2,518 *94 *163 *6 Black bass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,955 100 6,639 95 316 5 Catfish, bullheads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,019 100 *1,874 *93 ... ... Walleye, sauger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2,092 *100 *2,009 *96 ... ... Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids . . . . . . *947 *100 ... ... *132 *14 Steelhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,263 100 6,791 94 472 6 Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Anything1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,559 100 2,433 95 *126 *5 Other freshwater fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 1 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified ``Anything'' from a list of categories of fish. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 20 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 8. Great Lakes Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing in Pennsylvania: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Activity in Pennsylvania Anglers, trips, and days of fishing Total, state residents and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total anglers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *80 *100 *60 *75 ... ... Total trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *516 *100 *391 *76 ... ... Total days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1,406 *100 *1,247 *89 ... ... Average days of fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *18 (X) *21 (X) ... (X) * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (X) Not applicable. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 9. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing in Pennsylvania by Type of Fish: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Activity in Pennsylvania Anglers and days of fishing Total, state residents and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent ANGLERS Total, all types of fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *80 *100 *60 *75 ... ... Perch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Black bass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Walleye, sauger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Steelhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Lake trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Other trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Anything1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Other Great Lakes fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... DAYS Total, all types of fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1,406 *100 *1,247 *89 ... ... Perch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Black bass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Walleye, sauger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Steelhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Lake trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Other trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Anything1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Other Great Lakes fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 1 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified ``Anything'' from a list of categories of fish. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 21 Table 10. Saltwater Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing in Pennsylvania: 2001 This table does not apply to this state. Table 11. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing in Pennsylvania by Type of Fish: 2001 This table does not apply to this state. 22 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 12. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting in Pennsylvania by Type of Hunting: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Activity in Pennsylvania Hunters, trips, and days of hunting Total, state residents and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent HUNTERS Total, all hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 100 858 86 142 14 Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956 100 825 86 131 14 Small game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 100 340 92 *30 *8 Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *85 *100 *70 *82 ... ... Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *130 *100 *125 *96 ... ... TRIPS Total, all hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,269 100 11,621 95 648 5 Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,230 100 6,840 95 390 5 Small game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,930 100 2,844 97 *86 *3 Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *510 *100 *463 *91 ... ... Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1,599 *100 *1,474 *92 ... ... DAYS Total, all hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,955 100 12,963 93 993 7 Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,816 100 8,065 91 751 9 Small game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,135 100 3,000 96 *134 *4 Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *575 *100 *522 *91 ... ... Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2,547 *100 *2,420 *95 ... ... * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 23 Table 13. Hunters and Days of Hunting in Pennsylvania by Type of Game: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Hunters, state Type of game residents and nonresidents Days of hunting Number Percent Number Percent Total, all types of game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 100 13,955 100 Big game, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956 96 8,816 63 Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 93 7,413 53 Elk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *75 *8 *254 *2 Wild turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 30 1,694 12 Other big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Small game, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 37 3,135 22 Rabbit, hare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 22 1,958 14 Quail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Grouse/prairie chicken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *125 *13 *1,021 *7 Squirrel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 21 1,878 13 Pheasant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 15 1,102 8 Other small game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Migratory birds, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *85 *9 *575 *4 Geese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Dove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other animals, total 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *130 *13 *2,547 *18 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 1 Includes groundhog, raccoon, fox, coyote, crow, prairie dog, etc. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 14. Hunters and Days of Hunting in Pennsylvania by Type of Land: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Total, state Hunters and days of hunting residents and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent HUNTERS Total, all types of land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 100 858 100 142 100 Public land, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 48 425 50 *59 *41 Public land only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 21 175 20 *35 *24 Public and private land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 27 251 29 *24 *17 Private land, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 75 649 76 100 70 Private land only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 47 399 46 76 54 Private and public land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 27 251 29 *24 *17 DAYS Total, all types of land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,955 100 12,963 100 993 100 Public land1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,193 37 4,818 37 *375 *38 Private land2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,519 68 8,802 68 716 72 * Estimate based on a small sample size. 1 Days of hunting on public land includes both days spent solely on public land and those spent on public and private land. 2 Days of hunting on private land includes both days spent solely on private land and those spent on private and public land. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 24 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 15. Selected Characteristics of Pennsylvania Resident Anglers and Hunters: 2001 (State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Population Sportspersons (fished or hunted) Anglers Hunters Characteristic Percent Percent Percent Percent who of who Percent who partici- sports- partici- of partici- Percent of Number Percent Number pated persons Number pated anglers Number pated hunters Total persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,303 100 1,648 18 100 1,270 14 100 867 9 100 Population Density of Residence Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,316 68 856 14 52 758 12 60 297 5 34 Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,987 32 792 27 48 512 17 40 570 19 66 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . 7,977 86 1,244 16 75 979 12 77 581 7 67 1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,773 51 669 14 41 543 11 43 271 6 31 250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,786 30 537 19 33 416 15 33 288 10 33 50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,326 14 404 30 25 290 22 23 285 22 33 SexMale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,459 48 1,358 30 82 1,039 23 82 794 18 92 Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,844 52 290 6 18 231 5 18 *72 *1 *8 Age 16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 4 *81 *23 *5 ... ... ... ... ... ... 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 10 *147 *16 *9 *109 *12 *9 *57 *6 *7 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,149 12 295 26 18 252 22 20 *135 *12 *16 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,887 20 465 25 28 383 20 30 244 13 28 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,794 19 304 17 18 212 12 17 211 12 24 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,264 14 222 18 13 *166 *13 *13 *90 *7 *10 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,941 21 *133 *7 *8 *91 *5 *7 *79 *4 *9 Ethnicity Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,152 98 1,621 18 98 1,248 14 98 862 9 99 Race White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,612 93 1,610 19 98 1,232 14 97 867 10 100 Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *96 *1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Annual Household Income Under $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 8 *65 *9 *4 ... ... ... ... ... ... $20,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 9 *167 *20 *10 *102 *12 *8 *101 *12 *12 $30,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 8 204 27 12 *156 *20 *12 *121 *16 *14 $40,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 7 *127 *18 *8 *109 *16 *9 *56 *8 *7 $50,000 to $74,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,316 14 335 25 20 268 20 21 175 13 20 $75,000 to $99,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796 9 275 35 17 237 30 19 *163 *21 *19 $100,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 9 *102 *12 *6 *98 *12 *8 ... ... ... Not reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,945 32 324 11 20 238 8 19 *144 *5 *17 Education 11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,244 13 213 17 13 *146 *12 *12 *108 *9 *12 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,969 43 747 19 45 512 13 40 434 11 50 1 to 3 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,637 18 266 16 16 235 14 19 *146 *9 *17 4 years college or more . . . . . . . . . . . 2,453 26 422 17 26 376 15 30 *179 *7 *21 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percent who participated shows the percent of each row's population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who fished, etc.). Remaining percent columns show the percent of each column's participants who are described by the row heading (the percent of anglers who lived in urban areas, etc.). U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 25 Table 16. Summary of Expenditures in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents for Fishing and Hunting: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older) Amount Average per Average per Expenditure item (thousands Spenders spender sportsperson of dollars) (thousands) (dollars) (dollars) FISHING AND HUNTING Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,012,845 1,892 1,064 1,099 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222,186 1,223 182 129 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,115 1,331 114 88 Other trip costs1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,332 906 110 58 Equipment (fishing, hunting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355,206 1,274 279 190 Auxiliary equipment2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,889 587 218 69 Special equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655,249 146 4,492 335 Magazines and books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,209 305 34 5 Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,909 287 48 8 Other4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377,751 1,415 267 217 FISHING Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580,351 1,321 439 429 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,171 814 145 100 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,031 865 90 66 Other trip costs1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,549 825 105 73 Fishing equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,677 840 134 79 Auxiliary equipment2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,293 168 121 15 Special equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *104,053 *70 *1,484 *49 Magazines and books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2,625 *96 *27 *2 Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1,477 *53 *28 *1 Other4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,475 861 66 44 HUNTING Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941,036 1,049 897 914 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,014 686 152 104 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,084 757 97 73 Other trip costs1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,782 127 101 13 Hunting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234,438 709 331 217 Auxiliary equipment2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,119 351 225 71 Special equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Magazines and books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,158 116 36 4 Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *7,531 *151 *50 *7 Other4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322,287 910 354 322 UNSPECIFIED5 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484,377 337 1,437 261 Auxiliary equipment2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *28,477 *191 *149 *15 Special equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *447,572 *55 *8,130 *242 Magazines and books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *3,426 *97 *35 *2 Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *4,902 *88 *56 *3 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 1 Includes boating costs, equipment rental, guide fees, access fees, heating and cooking fuel, and ice and bait (for fishing only). 2 Includes tents, special clothing, etc. 3 Includes boats, campers, 4x4 vehicles, cabins, etc. 4 Includes land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, tags, and permits. 5 Respondent could not specify whether expenditure was primarily for either fishing or hunting. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Tables 19-20 for a detailed listing of expenditure items. 26 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 17. Summary of Fishing Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents, by Type of Fishing: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditure item Amount Spenders Average per spender Average per angler (thousands of dollars) (thousands) (dollars) (dollars) ALL FISHING Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516,518 1,205 429 380 Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,171 814 145 100 Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,031 865 90 66 Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,293 825 101 70 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,023 899 264 143 ALL FRESHWATER Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400,359 1,139 351 330 Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,171 814 145 100 Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,031 865 90 66 Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,293 825 101 70 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,864 761 159 94 FRESHWATER, EXCEPT GREAT LAKES Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382,945 1,117 343 321 Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,354 782 142 96 Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,267 847 88 64 Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,095 793 102 70 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,229 746 156 92 GREAT LAKES Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *17,414 *86 *202 *213 Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . *6,818 *63 *108 *85 Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *3,764 *51 *74 *47 Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2,198 *69 *32 *27 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... SALTWATER Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *24,688 *52 *477 *(W) Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *24,688 *52 *477 *(W) * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (W) Less than 0.5 dollar. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Table 19 for detailed listing of expenditure items. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 27 Table 18. Summary of Hunting Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents, by Type of Hunting: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditure item Amount Spenders Average per spender Average per hunter (thousands of dollars) (thousands) (dollars) (dollars) ALL HUNTING Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607,061 956 635 582 Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,014 686 152 104 Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,084 757 97 73 Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,782 127 101 13 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417,181 743 561 392 BIG GAME Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488,505 863 566 480 Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,000 652 126 86 Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,424 692 83 60 Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *9,080 *100 *91 *9 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340,001 576 590 325 SMALL GAME Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,259 337 182 1,179 Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,412 220 75 632 Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,484 255 41 403 Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,706 143 215 4 MIGRATORY BIRD Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *15,211 *58 *260 *460 Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... OTHER ANIMALS Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *10,538 *102 *103 *729 Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *3,573 *48 *74 *372 Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Table 20 for detailed listing of expenditure items. 28 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 19. Expenditures in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents for Fishing: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount Average per Average per (thousands angler Number Percent of spender of dollars) (dollars) (thousands) anglers (dollars) Total, all items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580,351 429 1,321 112 439 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282,752 239 1,030 87 274 Food and lodging, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,171 100 814 69 145 Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,576 77 806 68 114 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,596 22 156 13 170 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,031 66 865 73 90 Other trip costs, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,549 73 825 70 105 Privilege and other fees1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,273 7 122 10 68 Boating costs2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *36,414 *31 *146 *12 *250 Bait. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,390 29 758 64 45 Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,742 6 349 30 19 Heating and cooking fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *730 *1 *76 *6 *10 EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES PRIMARILY FOR FISHING Fishing equipment, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,677 79 840 71 134 Reels, rods, and rod making components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,353 35 408 34 124 Lines, hooks, sinkers, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,415 15 698 59 31 Artificial lures and flies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,074 17 611 52 38 Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2,617 *2 *144 *12 *18 Minnow seines, traps, and bait containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1,277 *1 *104 *9 *12 Other fishing equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,942 9 249 21 56 Auxiliary equipment4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,293 15 168 14 121 Special equipment5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *104,053 *49 *70 *6 *1,484 Other fishing costs6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,576 47 904 76 67 * Estimate based on a small sample size. 1 Includes boat or equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trip (party and charter boats, etc.), public land use, and private land use. 2 Includes boat launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees and fuel. 3 Includes electronic fishing devices (depth finders, fish finders, etc.), tackle boxes, ice fishing equipment, and other fishing equipment. 4 Includes tents, special fishing clothing, etc. 5 Includes boats, campers, 4x4 vehicles, cabins, etc. 6 Includes magazines and books, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, tags, and permits. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent of anglers may be greater than 100 because spenders who did not fish in this state are included. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 29 Table 20. Expenditures in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents for Hunting: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount Average per Average per (thousands hunter Number Percent of spender of dollars) (dollars) (thousands) hunters (dollars) Total, all items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941,036 914 1,049 105 897 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,881 190 806 81 236 Food and lodging, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,014 104 686 69 152 Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,932 90 685 69 131 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,082 14 137 14 103 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,084 73 757 76 97 Other trip costs, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,782 13 127 13 101 Privilege and other fees1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *10,614 *11 *74 *7 *144 Boating costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Heating and cooking fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1,874 *2 *70 *7 *27 EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES PRIMARILY FOR HUNTING Hunting equipment, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234,438 217 709 71 331 Guns and rifles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,548 100 182 18 619 Ammunition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,299 28 605 61 47 Other hunting equipment2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,590 89 377 38 248 Auxiliary equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,119 71 351 35 225 Special equipment4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Other hunting costs5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333,975 333 940 94 355 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 1 Includes guide fees, pack trip or package fees, public and private land use access fees, and rental of equipment such as boats and hunting or camping equipment. 2 Includes bows, arrows, archery equipment, telescopic sights, decoys and game calls, handloading equipment and components, hunting dogs and associated costs, hunting knives, and other hunting equipment. 3 Includes tents, special hunting clothing, etc. 4 Includes boats, campers, 4x4 vehicles, cabins, etc. 5 Includes magazines and books, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, and permits. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent of hunters may be greater than 100 percent because spenders who did not hunt in this state are included. 30 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 21. Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Pennsylvania for Fishing and Hunting by Pennsylvania Residents and Nonresidents: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older) Amount Average Average per Equipment item (thousands Spenders per spender sportsperson of dollars) (thousands) (dollars) (dollars) STATE RESIDENTS AND NONRESIDENTS Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing and hunting, total . . 1,610,976 1,772 909 857 Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519,775 1,205 431 383 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,171 814 145 100 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,031 865 90 66 Boating costs1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *36,414 *146 *250 *31 Other trip costs2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,135 812 62 42 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,023 899 264 143 Trip and equipment expenditures for hunting, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 607,061 956 635 582 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,014 686 152 104 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,084 757 97 73 Boating costs1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other trip costs2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *12,488 *117 *107 *12 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417,181 743 561 392 Unspecified equipment3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484,140 262 1,849 257 STATE RESIDENTS Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing and hunting, total . . 1,400,360 1,404 998 981 Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424,293 967 439 412 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,099 658 145 99 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,723 716 95 70 Boating costs1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *35,210 *131 *269 *37 Other trip costs2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,054 684 67 48 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,207 816 221 159 Trip and equipment expenditures for hunting, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 524,682 808 650 603 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,392 578 141 95 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,002 647 91 69 Boating costs1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other trip costs2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *8,926 *101 *88 *10 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375,067 685 547 429 Unspecified equipment3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451,385 247 1,824 319 NONRESIDENTS Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing and hunting, total . . 210,616 368 572 352 Trip and equipment expenditures for fishing, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,482 238 401 251 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,072 156 148 105 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,308 150 69 47 Boating costs1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other trip costs2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,081 128 32 19 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,816 83 687 75 Trip and equipment expenditures for hunting, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,380 148 556 451 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,623 108 210 159 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,082 111 127 99 Boating costs1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other trip costs2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *42,113 *58 *731 *168 Unspecified equipment3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *32,755 *14 *2,267 *1 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 1 Includes boat launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 2 Includes equipment rental, guide and access fees, ice and bait for fishing, and heating and cooking oil. 3 Respondent could not specify whether item was for fishing or for hunting. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 31 Table 22. Summary of Expenditures by Pennsylvania Residents in the United States for Fishing and Hunting: 2001 (State population 16 years old and older) Amount Average per Average per Expenditure item (thousands Spenders spender sportsperson of dollars) (thousands) (dollars) (dollars) FISHING AND HUNTING Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,137,973 1,591 1,343 1,297 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311,153 1,183 263 189 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229,410 1,261 182 139 Other trip costs1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216,489 944 229 131 Equipment (fishing, hunting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373,226 1,222 305 226 Auxiliary equipment2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,930 597 253 92 Special equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *583,727 *139 *4,199 *354 Magazines and books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,758 335 35 7 Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,911 340 56 11 Other4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242,369 1,233 197 147 FISHING Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762,242 1,213 628 600 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198,575 863 230 156 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,748 891 137 96 Other trip costs1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,654 875 172 119 Fishing equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,296 849 159 107 Auxiliary equipment2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,154 184 137 20 Special equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *68,671 *62 *1,112 *54 Magazines and books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *4,298 *133 *32 *3 Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *3,334 *74 *45 *3 Other4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,513 774 70 43 HUNTING Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901,173 862 1,045 1,040 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,578 609 185 130 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,662 669 161 124 Other trip costs1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *65,835 *147 *449 *76 Hunting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230,007 662 348 265 Auxiliary equipment2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,931 358 257 106 Special equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Magazines and books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *3,687 *100 *37 *4 Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,154 181 56 12 Other4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188,040 799 235 217 UNSPECIFIED5 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466,819 350 1,333 283 Auxiliary equipment2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *33,846 *194 *175 *21 Special equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *423,777 *63 *6,728 *257 Magazines and books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *3,773 *106 *35 *2 Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5,424 *90 *60 *3 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 1 Includes boating costs, equipment rental, guide fees, access fees, heating and cooking fuel, and ice and bait (for fishing only). 2 Includes tents, special clothing, etc. 3 Includes boats, campers, 4x4 vehicles, cabins, etc. 4 Includes land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, tags, and permits. 5 Respondent could not specify whether expenditure was primarily for either fishing or hunting. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Tables 19-20 for a detailed listing of expenditure items. 32 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 23. Summary of Expenditures by Pennsylvania Residents in State and Out of State for Fishing and Hunting: 2001 (State population 16 years old and older) Amount Average per Average per Expenditure item (thousands Spenders spender sportsperson of dollars) (thousands) (dollars) (dollars) IN PENNSYLVANIA Expenditures for fishing and hunting, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,626,794 1,479 1,100 1,177 Trip-related expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393,700 1,207 326 285 Equipment (fishing and hunting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325,462 1,171 278 235 Auxiliary equipment1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,899 536 218 85 Special equipment2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *564,299 *126 *4,493 *408 Other3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226,434 1,262 179 164 Expenditures for fishing, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479,744 1,069 449 498 Trip-related expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244,086 843 290 253 Fishing equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,908 780 133 108 Auxiliary equipment1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *19,238 *157 *123 *20 Special equipment2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *57,062 *53 *1,072 *59 Other3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,451 788 70 58 Expenditures for hunting, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687,771 862 798 802 Trip-related expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,614 686 218 174 Hunting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213,631 662 323 249 Auxiliary equipment1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,158 321 219 82 Special equipment2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163,089 800 204 190 Unspecified expenditures for fishing and hunting, total4 . . . . . . . . . 447,651 275 1,628 324 Auxiliary equipment1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *23,744 *124 *191 *17 Special equipment2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *7,947 *140 *57 *6 OUT OF STATE Expenditures for fishing and hunting, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496,916 590 842 1,021 Trip-related expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355,313 453 784 730 Equipment (fishing and hunting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,311 187 248 95 Auxiliary equipment1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *31,871 *91 *352 *66 Special equipment2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,994 199 221 90 Expenditures for fishing, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277,629 477 582 663 Trip-related expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226,890 393 577 542 Fishing equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,935 152 197 71 Auxiliary equipment1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Special equipment2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5,053 *110 *46 *12 Expenditures for hunting, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204,545 154 1,330 2,164 Trip-related expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *128,423 *86 *1,485 *1,359 Hunting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Auxiliary equipment1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Special equipment2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *38,359 *93 *411 *406 Unspecified expenditures for fishing and hunting, total4 . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Auxiliary equipment1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Special equipment2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 1 Includes tents, special hunting or fishing clothing, etc. 2 Includes boats, campers, 4x4 vehicles, cabins, etc. 3 Includes magazines, books, membership dues, contributions, land leasing and ownership, stamps, tags, and licenses. 4 Respondent could not specify whether expenditure was primarily for either fishing or hunting. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 33 Table 24. U.S. Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching in Pennsylvania: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participants Number Percent Total participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,794 100 Nonresidential (away from home). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,279 34 Observe wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,229 32 Photograph wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 14 Feed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 11 Residential (around the home) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,371 89 Observe wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,325 61 Photograph wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 21 Feed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,812 74 Visit public parks1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 14 Maintain plantings or natural areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 22 1 Includes visits only to parks or publicly owned areas within 1 mile of home. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 25. Participants, Trips, and Days of Participation in Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities in Pennsylvania: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Activity in Pennsylvania Participants, trips, and days Total, state residents and of participation nonresidents State residents Nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent PARTICIPANTS Total participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,279 100 986 100 293 100 Observe wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,229 96 948 96 281 96 Photograph wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 40 391 40 *127 *43 Feed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 33 *307 *31 *116 *39 TRIPS Total trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,780 100 10,853 100 1,927 100 Average days per trip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (X) 2 (X) 1 (X) DAYS Total days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,990 100 16,534 100 2,456 100 Observing wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,082 79 12,768 77 2,314 94 Photographing wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,519 19 *2,679 *16 *840 *34 Feeding wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,183 17 *1,666 *10 *1,517 *62 Average days per participant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 (X) 17 (X) 8 (X) Observing wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 (X) 13 (X) 8 (X) Photographing wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 (X) *7 (X) *7 (X) Feeding wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 (X) *5 (X) *13 (X) * Estimate based on a small sample size. (X) Not applicable. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 34 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 26. Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Participants Visiting Public Areas in Pennsylvania and Type of Site Visited: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Total, state residents and Participants and sites nonresidents State residents Nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,279 100 986 100 293 100 Visited public areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,028 80 787 80 241 82 Did not visit public areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 20 *199 *20 *51 *18 Total, all sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,279 100 986 100 293 100 Oceanside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Lakes and streamsides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963 75 781 79 182 62 Marsh, wetland, swamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 35 *354 *36 *90 *31 Woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970 76 754 76 216 74 Brush-covered areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 61 626 63 157 54 Open field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881 69 698 71 183 62 Man-made area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 33 *322 *33 *106 *36 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *122 *10 ... ... ... ... * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 27. Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Participants by Wildlife Observed, Photographed, or Fed in Pennsylvania: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Total, state residents and Wildlife observed, photographed, or fed nonresidents State residents Nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total all wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,279 100 986 77 293 23 Total birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,043 100 780 75 264 25 Songbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 100 616 80 152 20 Birds of prey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 100 456 75 150 25 Waterfowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 100 650 82 143 18 Shorebirds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 100 *299 *79 *81 *21 Other birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 100 371 77 *108 *23 Total land mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 100 773 77 227 23 Large land mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 100 671 78 189 22 Small land mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 100 628 75 213 25 Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 100 *240 *75 *80 *25 Marine mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Other wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 100 368 78 *105 *22 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 35 Table 28. Participation in Residential (Around the Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities in Pennsylvania: 2001 (State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participants Participants Residential activity Residential activity Number Percent Number Percent Total residential participants. . . . . . . . . . 3,371 100 11 to 50 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 20 Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,325 69 51 to 200 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 23 Visit public parks1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 16 201 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 38 Photograph wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 23 Feed wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,812 83 Participants Visiting Public Parks1 Maintain natural areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 19 Total, 1 day or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 100 Maintain plantings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 14 1 to 5 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *283 *52 6 to 10 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *111 *20 Participants Observing Wildlife 11 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *149 *27 Total, all wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,325 100 Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,225 96 Participants Photographing Wildlife Land mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,812 78 Total, 1 day or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 100 Large mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,228 53 1 to 3 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 54 Small mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,741 75 4 to 10 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *196 *25 Amphibians or reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 18 11 or more days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *163 *21 Insects or spiders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 29 Fish and other wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 17 Participants Feeding Wildlife Total, all wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,812 100 Total, 1 day or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,325 100 Wild birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,727 97 1 to 10 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 17 Other wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 32 * Estimate based on a small sample size. 1 Includes visits only to parks or publicly owned areas within 1 mile of home. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Table 29. Pennsylvania Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching in the United States: 2001 (State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participants Percent of Percent of Number participants population Total participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,522 100 38 Nonresidential (away from home) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,173 33 13 Residential (around home) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,371 96 36 Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,325 66 25 Photograph wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 22 8 Feed wild birds or other wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,812 80 30 Maintain plantings or natural areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 23 9 Visit public parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 15 6 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. The column showing percent of participants is based on total participants. The column showing percent of population is based on the state population 16 years old and older, including those who did not participate in wildlife watching. 36 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 30. Wild Bird Observers and Days of Observation in Pennsylvania: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Total, state residents Observers and days of observation and nonresidents State residents Nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent OBSERVERS Total bird observers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,721 100 2,458 100 264 100 Residential (around the home) observers . . . . . . . . . 2,225 82 2,225 91 ... ... Nonresidential (away from home) observers . . . . . . 1,027 38 763 31 264 100 DAYS Total days observing birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368,074 100 365,955 100 2,119 100 Residential (around the home) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352,015 96 352,015 96 ... ... Nonresidential (away from home). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,059 4 13,940 4 2,119 100 ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 31. Wild Bird Observers in Pennsylvania Who Can Identify Wild Birds by Sight or Sound, and Who Keep Birding Life Lists: 2001 (State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participants Number Percent Total bird observers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,721 100 Observers who can identify: 1-20 bird species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,034 75 21-40 bird species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 13 41 or more species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *211 *8 Observers who keep birding life lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *163 *6 * Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 37 Table 32. Selected Characteristics of Pennsylvania Residents Participating in Wildlife Watching: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participants Population Nonresidential Residential Total (away from home) (around the home) Characteristic Percent Percent Percent who who who partici- partici- partici- Number Percent Number pated Percent Number pated Percent Number pated Percent Total persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,303 100 3,522 38 100 1,173 13 100 3,371 36 100 Population Density of Residence Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,316 68 1,941 31 55 650 10 55 1,848 29 55 Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,987 32 1,581 53 45 523 18 45 1,522 51 45 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . 7,977 86 2,822 35 80 934 12 80 2,705 34 80 1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,773 51 1,398 29 40 355 7 30 1,390 29 41 250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,786 30 1,246 45 35 524 19 45 1,137 41 34 50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 5 *178 *42 *5 ... ... ... *178 *42 *5 Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,326 14 700 53 20 *239 *18 *20 666 50 20 SexMale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,459 48 1,784 40 51 635 14 54 1,680 38 50 Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,844 52 1,738 36 49 538 11 46 1,691 35 50 Age 16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 10 *154 *17 *4 ... ... ... *154 *17 *5 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,149 12 404 35 11 *174 *15 *15 392 34 12 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,887 20 712 38 20 *282 *15 *24 679 36 20 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,794 19 814 45 23 *297 *17 *25 783 44 23 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,264 14 560 44 16 *148 *12 *13 502 40 15 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,941 21 770 40 22 *171 *9 *15 770 40 23 Ethnicity Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,152 98 3,514 38 100 1,173 13 100 3,362 37 100 Race White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,612 93 3,455 40 98 1,148 13 98 3,311 38 98 Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *96 *1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Annual Household Income Under $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 8 *180 *24 *5 ... ... ... *156 *21 *5 $20,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 9 *303 *36 *9 ... ... ... *287 *35 *9 $30,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 8 *294 *38 *8 ... ... ... *286 *37 *8 $40,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 7 *329 *48 *9 ... ... ... *329 *48 *10 $50,000 to $74,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,316 14 498 38 14 *223 *17 *19 478 36 14 $75,000 to $99,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796 9 434 54 12 *164 *21 *14 400 50 12 $100,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 9 *259 *31 *7 ... ... ... *259 *31 *8 Not reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,945 32 1,050 36 30 *310 *11 *26 1,000 34 30 Education 11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,244 13 428 34 12 *109 *9 *9 *395 *32 *12 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,969 43 1,639 41 47 539 14 46 1,540 39 46 1 to 3 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,637 18 448 27 13 *210 *13 *18 428 26 13 4 years college or more . . . . . . . . . . . 2,453 26 1,008 41 29 314 13 27 1,008 41 30 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent who participated shows the percent of each row's population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who participated, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column's participants who are described by the row heading (the percent of those who participated who live in urban areas, etc.). 38 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 33. Expenditures in Pennsylvania by U.S. Residents for Wildlife Watching: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older) Spenders Expenditure item Expenditures Average per Percent of Average per (thousands participant Number wildlife-watching spender of dollars) (dollars) (thousands) participants1 (dollars) Total, all items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961,799 253 3,132 83 307 TRIP EXPENDITURES Total trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171,658 134 1,092 85 157 Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,996 80 906 71 113 Food. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,427 65 884 69 94 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *18,569 *15 *191 *15 *97 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,749 47 965 75 62 Other trip costs2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *9,913 *8 *198 *15 *50 EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790,142 208 2,711 71 291 Wildlife-watching equipment, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359,445 95 2,484 65 145 Binoculars, spotting scopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *10,084 *3 *161 *4 *63 Film and developing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,509 12 639 17 70 Cameras, special lenses, videocameras, and other photographic equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *131,755 *35 *261 *7 *505 Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing . . . . . . . . . . . *13,626 *4 *157 *4 *87 Bird food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,256 30 2,092 55 55 Food for other wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,537 4 490 13 30 Nest boxes, bird houses, bird feeders, and bird baths. . . . . . . 27,997 7 799 21 35 Other equipment (including field guides) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2,681 *1 *89 *2 *30 Auxiliary equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *44,851 *12 *199 *5 *225 Special equipment4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Magazines and books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,925 3 397 10 25 Membership dues and contributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,037 4 288 8 56 Land leasing and ownership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Plantings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,968 6 427 13 49 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 1 Percent of wildlife-watching participants column for trip-related expenditures is based on nonresidential participants. For equipment and other expenditures, the percent of wildlife-watching participants column is based on total wildlife-watching participants. 2 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel. 3 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment. 4 Includes travel or tent trailers, off-the-road vehicles, pickups, campers or vans, motor homes, boats, and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 39 Table 34. Trip and Equipment Expenditures in Pennsylvania for Wildlife Watching by Residents and Nonresidents: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older) Amount Average per Average per Expenditure item (thousands Spenders spender participant of dollars) (thousands) (dollars) (dollars) STATE RESIDENTS AND NONRESIDENTS Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901,526 2,946 306 238 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,996 906 113 80 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,749 965 62 47 Other trip costs1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *9,913 *198 *50 *8 Equipment2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729,868 2,526 289 192 STATE RESIDENTS Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806,537 2,604 310 230 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,896 673 90 62 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,359 748 59 45 Other trip costs1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *7,801 *148 *53 *8 Equipment2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693,481 2,403 289 198 NONRESIDENTS Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,989 343 277 325 Food and lodging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,100 233 177 140 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,390 217 71 53 Other trip costs1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2,112 *50 *43 *7 Equipment2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *36,387 *123 *297 *124 * Estimate based on a small sample size. 1 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use, private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel. 2 Includes wildlife watching, auxiliary and special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. See Table 33 for a detailed listing of expenditure items. 40 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 35. Expenditures in the United States by Pennsylvania Residents for Wildlife Watching: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older) Spenders Expenditure item Expenditures Average per Percent of Average per (thousands participant Number wildlife-watching spender of dollars) (dollars) (thousands) participants1 (dollars) Total, all items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,227,541 349 2,805 80 438 TRIP EXPENDITURES Total trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445,924 452 979 99 456 Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,280 265 788 80 331 Food. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,170 128 775 79 163 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *135,110 *137 *250 *25 *540 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166,925 169 910 92 183 Other trip costs2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *17,719 *18 *272 *28 *65 EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENDITURES Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781,616 222 2,596 74 301 Wildlife-watching equipment, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358,827 102 2,404 68 149 Binoculars, spotting scopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *10,754 *3 *172 *5 *63 Film and developing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,157 13 625 18 71 Cameras, special lenses, videocameras, and other photographic equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *129,806 *37 *247 *7 *526 Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing . . . . . . . . . . . *13,626 *4 *157 *4 *87 Bird food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,296 33 2,081 59 55 Food for other wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,586 4 488 14 30 Nest boxes, bird houses, bird feeders, and bird baths. . . . . . . 27,744 8 800 23 35 Other equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2,858 *1 *95 *3 *30 Auxiliary equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *44,905 *13 *197 *6 *228 Special equipment4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Magazines and books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,013 4 452 13 33 Membership dues and contributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,056 9 383 11 84 Land leasing and ownership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Plantings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,968 6 427 13 49 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 1 Percent of wildlife-watching participants column for trip-related expenditures is based on nonresidential participants. For equipment and other expenditures, the percent of wildlife-watching participants column is based on total wildlife-watching participants. 2 Includes equipment rental and fees for guides, pack trips, public land use and private land use, boat fuel, other boating costs, and heating and cooking fuel. 3 Includes tents, tarps, frame packs and other backpacking equipment, other camping equipment, and other auxiliary equipment. 4 Includes travel or tent trailers, off-the-road vehicles, pickups, campers or vans, motor homes, boats, and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 41 Table 36. Summary of Expenditures by Pennsylvania Residents in State and Out of State for Wildlife Watching: 2001 (State population 16 years old and older) Amount Average per Average per Expenditure item (thousands Spenders spender participant of dollars) (thousands) (dollars) (dollars) IN PENNSYLVANIA Expenditures for wildlife watching, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866,194 2,770 313 246 Trip-related expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,055 842 134 115 Wildlife-watching equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352,279 2,370 149 100 Auxiliary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *44,698 *197 *227 *13 Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,690 618 63 11 OUT OF STATE Expenditures for wildlife watching, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341,134 495 690 97 Trip-related expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332,869 324 1,027 284 Wildlife-watching equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *6,548 *166 *39 *2 Auxiliary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: See Table 33 for detailed listing of expenditure items. 42 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 37. Participation of Pennsylvania Resident Wildlife-Watching Participants in Fishing and Hunting: 2001 (State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Wildlife-watching activity Total, Participants nonresidential and residential Nonresidential Residential (away from home) (around the home) Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,522 100 1,173 100 3,371 100 Wildlife-watching participants who: Did not fish or hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,521 72 637 54 2,469 73 Fished or hunted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,001 28 536 46 902 27 Fished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 22 412 35 687 20 Hunted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 17 332 28 538 16 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Table 38. Participation of Pennsylvania Resident Sportspersons in Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001 (State population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Sportspersons Anglers Hunters Sportspersons Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total Sportspersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,648 100 1,270 100 867 100 Sportspersons who: Did not engage in wildlife-watching activities . . . . . . 647 39 501 39 265 31 Engaged in wildlife-watching activities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,001 61 768 61 602 69 Nonresidential (away from home) . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 32 412 32 332 38 Residential (around the home) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902 55 687 54 538 62 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 43 Table 39. Participants in Wildlife-Associated Recreation by Participant's State of Residence: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Total participants Sportspersons Wildlife-watching participants Participant's state of residence Percent of Percent of Percent of Population Number population Number population Number population United States, total. . . . . . . . . . . 212,298 82,302 39 37,805 18 66,105 31 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,427 1,323 39 726 21 965 28 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 320 70 205 45 241 53 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,700 1,296 35 437 12 1,107 30 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,999 1,034 52 617 31 774 39 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,982 6,873 26 2,486 10 5,491 21 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,215 1,518 47 679 21 1,213 38 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,536 999 39 332 13 885 35 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 220 37 94 16 170 28 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,171 3,857 32 2,158 18 2,856 23 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,096 1,932 32 1,136 19 1,326 22 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 195 21 114 12 126 14 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 507 52 306 31 388 40 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,244 3,154 34 1,507 16 2,498 27 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,558 2,179 48 914 20 1,786 39 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,201 1,206 55 580 26 977 44 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,017 942 47 491 24 735 36 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,121 1,547 50 703 23 1,264 40 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,306 1,330 40 833 25 844 26 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,005 607 60 256 26 520 52 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,078 1,546 38 571 14 1,311 32 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,837 1,726 36 521 11 1,493 31 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,587 2,950 39 1,325 17 2,424 32 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,688 2,388 65 1,437 39 1,993 54 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,111 851 40 533 25 579 27 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,206 2,010 48 1,076 26 1,612 38 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 438 63 279 40 362 52 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,266 623 49 308 24 498 39 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,454 439 30 194 13 334 23 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954 506 53 175 18 450 47 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,300 1,993 32 669 11 1,694 27 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,337 595 45 256 19 471 35 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,201 3,987 28 1,492 11 3,522 25 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,918 2,330 39 982 17 1,884 32 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 228 47 170 35 135 28 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,645 3,407 39 1,513 17 2,768 32 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,587 1,308 51 730 28 1,042 40 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,630 1,545 59 611 23 1,286 49 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,303 4,169 45 1,648 18 3,522 38 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 280 37 96 13 242 32 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,080 1,375 45 674 22 1,079 35 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 326 58 176 31 251 45 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,317 2,109 49 903 21 1,706 40 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,445 4,515 29 2,745 18 3,088 20 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554 736 47 468 30 572 37 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 319 67 125 26 287 60 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,471 2,535 46 970 18 2,168 40 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,516 2,537 56 932 21 2,234 49 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,447 694 48 353 24 517 36 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,059 2,489 61 1,141 28 2,159 53 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 223 59 138 37 172 46 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix. 44 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table 40. Participants in Wildlife-Associated Recreation by State Where Activity Took Place: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Total participants Sportspersons Wildlife-watching participants State where activity took place Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total. . . . . . . . . . . 82,302 100 37,805 46 66,105 80 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,557 100 1,021 66 1,016 65 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 100 457 72 420 67 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,720 100 486 28 1,465 85 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,369 100 960 70 841 61 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,231 100 2,556 35 5,720 79 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,138 100 1,077 50 1,552 73 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,151 100 356 31 967 84 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 100 157 49 232 72 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,860 100 3,158 65 3,240 67 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,198 100 1,236 56 1,494 68 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 100 151 46 220 68 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 100 486 56 643 74 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,390 100 1,366 40 2,627 77 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,427 100 965 40 1,866 77 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,334 100 645 48 1,022 77 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,091 100 563 52 807 74 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,834 100 901 49 1,362 74 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,558 100 1,059 68 935 60 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975 100 449 46 778 80 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,911 100 752 39 1,524 80 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,988 100 632 32 1,686 85 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,481 100 1,659 48 2,666 77 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,915 100 1,733 59 2,155 74 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017 100 720 71 631 62 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,494 100 1,382 55 1,826 73 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 100 463 53 687 79 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 100 382 50 565 74 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 100 193 29 543 83 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892 100 295 33 766 86 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,345 100 855 36 1,895 81 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 100 379 43 671 76 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,620 100 1,760 38 3,885 84 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,882 100 1,386 48 2,168 75 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 100 259 81 190 59 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,658 100 1,540 42 2,897 79 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,529 100 838 55 1,131 74 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,051 100 761 37 1,680 82 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,570 100 1,783 39 3,794 83 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 100 181 45 298 75 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,666 100 922 55 1,186 71 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 100 349 67 358 69 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,671 100 1,062 40 2,084 78 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,949 100 2,857 58 3,240 65 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,091 100 585 54 806 74 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 100 211 37 496 87 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,001 100 1,137 38 2,460 82 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,970 100 1,024 34 2,496 84 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 100 444 53 605 72 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,165 100 1,611 51 2,442 77 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 100 373 56 498 75 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania 45 Table 41. Anglers and Hunters by State Where Fishing or Hunting Took Place: 2001 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Anglers Hunters State where fishing Total anglers, Total hunters, or hunting took place residents and Residents Nonresidents residents and Residents Nonresidents nonresidents nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total. . . . . 34,071 100 31,218 92 7,880 23 13,034 100 12,377 95 2,027 16 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 100 610 72 241 28 423 100 307 73 116 27 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 100 183 43 239 57 93 100 72 77 *21 *23 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 100 351 84 68 16 148 100 119 81 *28 *19 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 100 539 69 243 31 431 100 303 70 128 30 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,444 100 2,288 94 156 6 274 100 261 95 *12 *5 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 100 560 61 357 39 281 100 159 57 121 43 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 100 271 78 75 22 45 100 *35 *77 ... ... Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 100 71 47 *78 *53 16 100 13 81 ... ... Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,104 100 2,057 66 1,047 34 226 100 191 84 *35 *16 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,086 100 947 87 139 13 417 100 355 85 *62 *15 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 100 109 73 *41 *27 17 100 17 100 ... ... Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 100 251 60 165 40 197 100 150 76 47 24 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,237 100 1,157 94 80 6 310 100 246 79 *64 *21 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 100 784 90 90 10 290 100 269 93 ... ... Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 100 471 87 70 13 243 100 195 80 *48 *20 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 100 357 88 *47 *12 291 100 189 65 103 35 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 100 590 76 190 24 323 100 269 83 *54 *17 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970 100 757 78 213 22 333 100 295 89 *38 *11 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 100 212 56 165 44 164 100 123 75 41 25 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 100 457 65 243 35 145 100 115 80 *30 *20 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . 615 100 425 69 191 31 66 100 64 97 ... ... Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,354 100 1,002 74 352 26 754 100 705 94 *48 *6 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,624 100 1,293 80 331 20 597 100 568 95 *29 *5 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 100 450 77 136 23 357 100 245 69 111 31 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,215 100 942 78 272 22 489 100 405 83 84 17 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 100 212 61 138 39 229 100 170 74 59 26 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 100 241 81 55 19 173 100 124 72 *49 *28 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 100 119 69 *53 *31 47 100 42 90 ... ... New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 267 100 147 55 119 45 78 100 52 67 *26 *33 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 100 531 66 275 34 135 100 108 80 ... ... New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 100 197 63 *116 *37 130 100 105 80 *26 *20 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,550 100 1,243 80 307 20 714 100 635 89 79 11 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 1,287 100 831 65 456 35 295 100 272 92 *23 *8 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 100 119 67 *59 *33 139 100 87 63 *52 *37 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,371 100 1,225 89 146 11 490 100 452 92 *38 *8 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 100 648 84 126 16 261 100 241 92 *20 *8 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 100 513 75 174 25 248 100 234 94 *15 *6 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,266 100 1,032 82 234 18 1,000 100 858 86 142 14 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 100 86 48 93 52 *9 *100 *7 *83 ... ... South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 812 100 571 70 241 30 265 100 221 83 *44 *17 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 100 140 65 75 35 209 100 90 43 119 57 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 100 709 79 194 21 359 100 288 80 71 20 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,372 100 2,151 91 221 9 1,201 100 1,101 92 100 8 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 100 388 75 129 25 198 100 177 89 *22 *11 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 100 96 56 75 44 100 100 74 74 *26 *26 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,010 100 761 75 248 25 355 100 279 79 *75 *21 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938 100 808 86 130 14 227 100 210 92 ... ... West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 100 250 79 *67 *21 284 100 229 81 *55 *19 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,412 100 941 67 471 33 660 100 588 89 *72 *11 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 100 117 40 176 60 133 100 65 49 68 51 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix. 46 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix A Appendix A. Definitions Annual household income-Total 2001 New Mexico day, it would be considered 1 day of income of household members before Utah hunting. taxes and other deductions. Wyoming Education-The highest completed Auxiliary equipment-Equipment New England grade of school or year of college. owned primarily for wildlife-associated Connecticut recreation. These include for the Maine Expenditures-Money spent in 2001 for sportspersons section-camping bags, Massachusetts wildlife-related recreation trips in the packs, duffel bags and tents, binoculars, New Hampshire United States and wildlife-related field glasses, telescopes, special fishing Rhode Island recreational equipment purchased in the and hunting clothing, foul weather gear, Vermont United States. Expenditures include both boots, waders, and processing and money spent by participants for taxidermy costs; and for the wildlife- Pacific themselves and the value of gifts they watching section-tents, tarps, frame Alaska received. packs, backpacking equipment and other California camping equipment. Hawaii Federal land-Public land owned by the Oregon federal government such as National Big game-Antelope, bear, deer, elk, Washington Forests and National Wildlife Refuges. moose, wild turkey, and similar large animals which are hunted. South Atlantic Fishing-The sport of catching or Delaware attempting to catch fish with a hook, Birding life list-A tally of bird species District of Columbia line, bow and arrow, or spear; it also seen during a birder's lifetime. Florida includes catching or gathering shellfish Georgia (clams, crabs, etc.); and the Census Divisions Maryland noncommercial seining or netting of fish, East North Central North Carolina unless the fish are for use as bait. For Illinois South Carolina example, seining for smelt is fishing, but Indiana Virginia seining for bait minnows is not included Michigan West Virginia as fishing. Ohio Wisconsin West North Central Fishing equipment-Items owned Kansas primarily for fishing. These items are East South Central Iowa listed in Table 19. Alabama Minnesota Kentucky Missouri Freshwater-Reservoirs, lakes, ponds, Mississippi Nebraska and the nontidal portions of rivers and Tennessee North Dakota streams. South Dakota Middle Atlantic Great Lakes fishing-Fishing in Lakes New Jersey West South Central Superior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, New York Arkansas Erie, and Ontario, their connecting Pennsylvania Louisiana waters such as the St. Marys River Oklahoma system, Detroit River, St. Clair River, Texas Mountain and the Niagara River, and the St. Arizona Lawrence River south of the bridge at Colorado Day-Any part of a day spent in a given Cornwall, New York. Great Lakes Idaho activity. For example, if someone hunted fishing includes fishing in tributaries of Montana 2 hours 1 day and 3 hours another day, it the Great Lakes for smelt, steelhead, and Nevada would be recorded as 2 days of hunting. If salmon. someone hunted 2 hours in the morning and 3 hours in the evening of the same Appendix A A-2 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Home-The starting point of a wildlife- categories. In contrast, total participants Residential activity (around the related recreational trip. It may be a is the sum of male and female home)-Activity within 1 mile of home permanent residence or a temporary or participants, because male and female with a primary purpose: (1) closely seasonal residence such as a cabin. are mutually exclusive categories. observing or trying to identify birds or other wildlife, (2) photographing Hunting-The sport of shooting or Nonresidential activity (away from wildlife, (3) feeding birds or other attempting to shoot wildlife with home)-Trips or outings at least 1 mile wildlife, (4) maintaining natural areas of firearms or archery equipment. from home for the primary purpose of at least one-quarter acre primarily for the observing, photographing, or feeding benefit to wildlife, (5) maintaining Hunting equipment-Items owned wildlife. Trips to zoos, circuses, plantings (shrubs, agricultural crops, primarily for hunting. These items are aquariums, and museums are not etc.) primarily for the benefit of wildlife, listed in Table 20. included. or (6) visiting public parks within 1 mile of home to observe, photograph, or feed Local land-Public land owned by local Nonresidents-Individuals who do not wildlife. government such as county parks or live in the state being reported. For municipal watersheds. example, a person living in Texas who Residents-Individuals who lived in the watches whales in California is a state being reported. For example, Maintain natural areas-To set aside nonresident participant in California. persons who live in California and watch one-quarter acre or more of natural whales in California are resident environment such as wood lots or open Nonresponse-Nonresponse is a term participants in California. fields for the primary purpose of used to reflect the fact that some survey benefiting wildlife. respondents provide incomplete sets of Rural-Respondent lived in a rural information. For example, a survey nonfarm, or rural farm area, as Maintain plantings-To introduce or respondent may have been unable to determined by Census. encourage the growth of food and cover identify the primary type of hunting for plants for the primary purpose of which a gun was bought. Hunting Saltwater-Oceans, tidal bays and benefiting wildlife. expenditures will reflect the gun sounds, and the tidal portions of rivers purchase, but it will not appear as and streams. Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)- spending for big game or any other type Except in the New England States, an of hunting. Nonresponses result in Screening interviews-The first survey MSA is a county or group of contiguous reported totals that are greater than the contact with a household. Screening counties containing at least one city of sum of their parts. interviews with a household 50,000 or more inhabitants or twin cities representative in each household to (i.e., cities with contiguous boundaries Observe-To take special interest in or identify respondents who are eligible for and constituting, for general social and try to identify birds, fish, or other indepth interviews. Screening interviews economic purposes, a single community) wildlife. gather data about the individuals in the with a combined population of at least households, such as their age and sex. 50,000. Also included in an MSA are Other animals-Coyotes, crows, foxes, Screening interviews are discussed in the contiguous counties that are socially and groundhogs, prairie dogs, raccoons, and Survey Background and Method section economically integrated with the central similar animals that are often regarded as of this report. city. In the New England States, an MSA varmints or pests. Other animals may be consists of towns and cities instead of classified as unprotected or nongame Small game-Grouse, partridge, counties. Each MSA must include at animals by the state in which they are pheasants, quail, rabbits, squirrels, and least one central city. hunted. similar small animals and birds for which many states have small game Migratory birds-Birds that regularly Participants-Individuals who engaged seasons and bag limits. migrate from one region or climate to in fishing, hunting, or a wildlife- another. The survey focuses on migratory watching activity. Special equipment-Items of equipment birds which may be hunted, including that are owned primarily for wildlife- bandtailed pigeons, coots, ducks, doves, Primary purpose-The principal related recreation. These include for the gallinules, geese, rails, and woodcocks. motivation for an activity, trip, or sportsmen section bass boat and other expenditure. types of motor boat; canoe and other Multiple responses-The term used to types of nonmotor boat; boat motor, boat reflect the fact that individuals or their Public areas-Public lands owned by trailer/hitch, and other boat accessories; characteristics fall into more than one local, state, or federal governments. pickup, camper, van, travel or tent trailer, reporting category. An example of a big motor home, house trailer, RV, cabin; game hunter who hunted for deer and elk Public land-Land that is owned by the and trail bike, dune buggy, 4x4 vehicle, demonstrates the effect of multiple local, state, or federal government. four-wheeler, and snowmobile. For the responses. In this case, adding the wildlife-watching section these include number of deer hunters (1) and elk Private land-Land that is owned by a off-the-road vehicles such as hunters (1) would over state the number private individual, group of individuals, snowmobiles, four-wheeler, 4x4 vehicle, of big game hunters (1) because deer and or nongovernmental organization. trail bike, dune buggy, travel or tent elk hunters are not mutually exclusive trailer, motor home, pickup, camper, van, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix A A-3 house trailer, RV, boat and boat relative. A trip may last an hour, a day, or animals living in aquariums, zoos, and accessories, and cabin. many days. other artificial surroundings or domestic animals such as farm animals or pets. Spenders-Individuals who reported an Type of fishing-Three types of fishing expenditure value for fishing, hunting, or are reported: fishing in (1) freshwater Wildlife-associated recreation- wildlife-watching activities or except Great Lakes, (2) Great Lakes, and Recreational fishing, hunting, or wildlife equipment. (3) saltwater. watching. Sportspersons-Individuals who Type of hunting-Four types of hunting Wildlife-watching activity-An activity engaged in fishing, hunting, or both. are reported: hunting for (1) big game, engaged in primarily for the purpose of (2) small game, (3) migratory bird, and feeding, photographing, or observing fish State land-Public land owned by a (4) other animals. or other wildlife. In previous years, this state such as state parks or state wildlife was termed nonconsumptive activity. management areas. Urban-Respondent lived in an urban (See also residential and nonresidential area, as determined by the U.S. Census activities.) Trip-An outing involving fishing, Bureau. hunting, or wildlife-watching activities. Wildlife-watching equipment-Items In the context of this survey, a trip may Wildlife-Animals such as birds, fish, owned primarily for observing, begin from an individual's principal insects, mammals, amphibians, and photographing, or feeding wildlife. residence or from another place, such as reptiles that are living in natural or wild These items are listed in Table 33. a vacation home or the home of a environments. Wildlife does not include Appendix A A-4 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix B Appendix B. National and Regional 1991-2001 Comparisons Appendix B provides national and types of wildlife watching. The number interviewed on behalf of the entire regional trend information based on the of wildlife watchers decreased 17 household. The 1991 screening 1991, 1996, and 2001 Surveys. Since all percent from 1991 to 1996 and increased interview consisted primarily of three surveys used similar 5 percent from 1996 to 2001-with 76.1 sociodemographic questions and methodologies, their published million participants in 1991, 62.9 million wildlife-related recreation questions information is directly comparable. in 1996, and 66.1 million in 2001. concerning activity in the year 1990 Residential wildlife watching, the and intentions for the year 1991. The Fishing and Hunting preeminent type of wildlife watching, screening interviews for the 1996 Comparing national hunting and fishing lead this trend with an 18 percent drop and 2001 Surveys were conducted estimates for the 1991, 1996, and 2001 from 1991 to 1996 and a 4 percent April through June of their survey Surveys found participation declined increase from 1996 to 2001. Unlike years in conjunction with the first over that 10-year time period. In 1991 residential wildlife watching, wave of the detailed interviews. The and 1996, the number of people who nonresidential wildlife watching dropped screening interviews consisted hunted and fished remained essentially throughout the `90s and early `00s with a primarily of sociodemographic unchanged. In 2001, the overall number 21 percent drop from 1991 to 1996 and questions and wildlife-related of people who hunted and fished an 8 percent drop from 1996 to 2001. recreation questions concerning declined from their 1991/1996 levels. In Days afield by participants tended activity in the previous year (1995 1991, there were 35.6 million anglers upward, counter to the trend in or 2000) and intentions for the and 14.1 million hunters. In 1996, there participation, although the increase is not survey year (1996 or 2001). were 35.2 million anglers and 14.0 statistically significant. Total million hunters. In 2001, there were expenditures for wildlife watching 3. In the 1991 Survey, an attempt was 34.1 million anglers-a 4 percent drop increased 21 percent from 1991 to 1996 made to contact every sample person from its 1991 level, and 13.0 million and 16 percent from 1996 to 2001, in all three detailed interview waves. hunters-a 7 percent drop from 1991. making an overall increase of 41 percent In 1996 and 2001, respondents who from 1991 to 2001. were interviewed in the first detailed The amount of time people spent fishing interview wave were not contacted and hunting fluctuated between 1991 and Differences in the 1991, 1996, and again until the third wave. Also, all 2001. The number of days spent fishing 2001 Surveys interviews in the second wave were rose 22 percent between 1991 and 1996 The 1996 and 2001 Surveys underwent a conducted by telephone. In-person and then fell 11 percent between 1996 number of changes in order to improve interviews were only conducted in and 2001. Days of hunting followed a data collection, lower costs, and meet the the first and third waves. similar pattern. Between 1991 and 1996, data needs of its users. The most hunting days increased 9 percent but significant design differences in the three Important instrument differences in then fell 11 percent between 1996 and surveys are as follows: the 1991, 1996, and 2001 Surveys 2001. 1. The 1991 Survey collected 1. The 1991 Survey data was collected information on all wildlife-related The amount of money spent for fishing by interviewers filling out paper recreation purchases made by and hunting trips and equipment rose questionnaires. The data entries participants without reference to from 1991 to 1996 and fell from 1996 to were keyed in a separate operation where the purchase was made. The 2001. Total fishing expenditures rose 37 after the interview. The 1996 and 1996 and 2001 Surveys asked in percent from $31.2 billion in 1991 to 2001 survey data were collected by which state the purchase was made. $42.7 billion in 1996; and, then fell 17 the use of computer-assisted percent to $35.6 billion in 2001. interviews. The questionnaires were 2. In 1991, respondents were asked Likewise, hunting expenditures programmed into computers, and what kind of fishing they did, i.e., increased from $16.0 billion in 1991 to interviewers keyed in the responses Great Lakes, other freshwater, or $23.3 billion in 1996-45 percent at the time of the interview. saltwater, and then were asked in increase-and then fell 12 percent to what states they fished. In 1996 and $20.6 billion in 2001. 2. The 1991 Survey screening phase 2001, respondents were asked in was conducted in January and which states they fished and then Wildlife Watching February of 1991, when the sample were asked the pertinent kind of Comparing the results from the last three households were contacted and a fishing questions. This method had surveys finds different trends for various household respondent was the advantage of not asking about, Appendix B B-2 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service for example, saltwater fishing when 6. The 1991 Survey included questions 2. The 1991 and 1996 land leasing and they only fished in a noncoastal about participation in organized ownership sections asked the state. In 1991, respondents were fishing competitions; anglers using respondent to combine the two types asked how many days they bows and arrows, nets or seines, or of land use into one and give total "actually" hunted or fished for a spearfishing; hunters using pistols or acreage and expenditures. In 2001, particular type of game or fish and handguns and target shooting in the two types of land use were then how many days they "chiefly" preparation for hunting. These explored separately. hunted or fished for the same type of questions were not asked in 1996 game or fish rather than another type and 2001. 3. The 1991 and 1996 wildlife of game or fish. To get total days of watching sections included hunting or fishing for a particular 7. The 1996 Survey included questions questions on birdwatching for type of game or fish, the "actually" about catch and release fishing and residential users only. The 2001 day response was used, while to get persons with disabilities Survey added a question on the sum of all days of hunting or participating in wildlife-related birdwatching for nonresidential fishing, the "chiefly" days were recreation. These questions were not users. Also, questions on the use of summed. In 1996 and 2001, part of the 1991 Survey. The 2001 birding life lists and how many respondents were asked their total Survey included questions about species the respondent can identify days of hunting or fishing in the persons with disabilities were added in 2001. United States and each state, then participating in wildlife-related how many days they hunted or recreation but not about catch and 4. "Recreational vehicles" was added fished for a particular type of game release fishing. to the sportspersons and wildlife or fish. watchers special equipment section 8. The 1991 Survey included questions in 2001. "House trailer" was added Trip-related and equipment about average distance traveled to to the sportspersons special expenditure categories were not the recreation sites. These questions equipment section. same for all Surveys. "Guide fee" were not included in the 1996 and and "Pack trip or package fee" were 2001 Surveys. 5. Total personal income was asked in two separate trip-related expenditure the detailed phase of the 1996 items in 1991, while they were 9. The 1996 Survey included questions Survey. This was changed to total combined into one category in the about the last trip the respondent household income in the 2001 1996 and 2001 Surveys. "Boating took. Included were questions about Survey. costs" was added to the 1996 and the type of trip, where the activity 2001 hunting and wildlife-watching took place, and the distance and 6. A question was added to the trip- trip-related expenditure sections. direction to the site visited. These related expenditures section in the "Heating and cooking fuel" was questions were not asked in 2001. 2001 Survey to ascertain how much added to all of the trip-related of the total was spent in the expenditure sections. "Spearfishing 10. The 1991 Survey collected data on respondent's state of residence when equipment" was moved from a hunting, fishing, and wildlife the respondent participated in separate category to the "Other" list. watching by U.S. residents in hunting, fishing, or wildlife "Rods" and "Reels" were two Canada. The 1996 and 2001 Surveys watching out-of-state. separate categories in 1991 but were collected data on fishing and combined in 1996 and 2001. "Lines, wildlife-watching by U.S. residents 7. Boating questions were added to the hooks, sinkers, etc." was one in Canada. 2001 Surveys fishing section. The category in 1991 but split into respondent was asked about the "Lines" and "Hooks, sinkers, etc." in Important instrument changes in the extent of boat usage for the three 1996 and 2001. "Food used to feed 2001 Survey types of fishing. other wildlife" was added to the wildlife-watching equipment 1. The 1991 and 1996 single race section, "Boats" and "Cabins" were category "Asian or Pacific Islander" 8. The 1996 Survey included questions added to the wildlife-watching was changed to two categories about the months residential wildlife special equipment section, and "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or watchers fed birds. These questions "Land leasing and ownership" was Other Pacific Islander." In 1991 and were not repeated in the 2001 added to the wildlife-watching 1996, the respondent was required to Survey. expenditures section. pick only one category, while in 2001 the respondent could pick any 9. The contingent valuation sections of 5. Questions asking sportspersons if combination of categories. The next the three types of wildlife-related they participated as much as they question stipulated that the recreation were altered, using an wanted were added in 1996 and respondent could only be identified open-ended question format instead 2001. If the sportspersons said no, with one category and then asked of 1996's dichotomous choice they were asked why not. what that category was. format. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix B B-3 Table B-1. Comparison of Wildlife-Related Recreation in the United States: 1991 to 2001 (U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) 1991-2001 1996-2001 Participants, days, and expenditures 1991 2001 (Percent 1996 2001 (Percent (Number) (Number) change) (Number) (Number) change) Hunting Hunters, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,063 13,034 ­7 13,975 13,034 ­7 Hunting days, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235,806 228,368 ­3* 256,676 228,368 ­11 Hunting expenditures, total (2001 dollars) 1. . . . . . . . . $16,031,197 $20,611,025 29 $23,293,156 $20,611,025 ­12* Fishing Anglers, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,578 34,067 ­4 35,246 34,067 ­3 Fishing days, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511,329 557,394 9 625,893 557,394 ­11 Fishing expenditures, total (2001 dollars) 1 . . . . . . . . . $31,175,168 $35,632,132 14 $42,710,679 $35,632,132 ­17 Wildlife Watching Total wildlife watching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,111 66,105 ­13 62,868 66,105 5 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,904 62,928 ­15 60,751 62,928 4 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,999 21,823 ­27 23,652 21,823 ­8 Days, nonresidential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342,406 372,006 9* 313,790 372,006 19 Wildlife-watching expenditures, total (2001 dollars) 1. $24,002,990 $33,730,868 41 $29,062,524 $33,730,868 16 * Not different from zero at the 5 percent confidence level. 1All 2001 and 1996 expenditure categories are adjusted to make them comparable to 1991. Appendix B B-4 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table B-2. Anglers and Hunters by Census Division: 1991, 1996, and 2001 (U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) 1991 1996 2001 Sportspersons Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent UNITED STATES Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,964 100 201,472 100 212,298 100 Sportspersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,979 21 39,694 20 37,805 18 Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,578 19 35,246 17 34,067 16 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,063 7 13,975 7 13,034 6 New England Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,180 100 10,306 100 10,575 100 Sportspersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,658 16 1,673 16 1,504 14 Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,545 15 1,520 15 1,402 13 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 4 465 5 386 4 Middle Atlantic Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,216 100 29,371 100 29,806 100 Sportspersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,508 15 4,192 14 3,810 13 Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,871 13 3,627 12 3,250 11 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,746 6 1,453 5 1,633 5 East North Central Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,188 100 33,121 100 34,082 100 Sportspersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,202 22 6,912 21 6,400 19 Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,264 19 6,006 18 5,655 17 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,789 9 2,712 8 2,421 7 West North Central Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,504 100 13,875 100 14,430 100 Sportspersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,143 31 3,977 29 4,239 29 Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,647 27 3,416 25 3,836 27 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,709 13 1,917 14 1,710 12 South Atlantic Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,682 100 36,776 100 39,286 100 Sportspersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,996 21 7,282 20 6,957 18 Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,441 19 6,636 18 6,451 16 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,083 6 2,050 6 1,875 5 East South Central Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,667 100 12,459 100 12,976 100 Sportspersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,984 26 2,907 23 2,865 22 Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,635 23 2,514 20 2,543 20 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,279 11 1,301 10 1,164 9 West South Central Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,926 100 21,811 100 23,337 100 Sportspersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,125 26 5,093 23 4,924 21 Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,592 23 4,616 21 4,375 19 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,843 9 1,812 8 1,988 9 Mountain Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,092 100 11,966 100 13,308 100 Sportspersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,488 25 2,761 23 2,757 21 Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,079 21 2,411 20 2,443 18 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,069 11 1,061 9 1,020 8 Pacific Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,508 100 31,787 100 34,498 100 Sportspersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,875 17 4,897 15 4,349 13 Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,505 15 4,501 14 4,111 12 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,101 4 1,203 4 837 2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix B B-5 Table B-3. Wildlife-Watching (Nonconsumptive) Participants by Census Division: 1991, 1996, and 2001 (U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) 1991 1996 2001 Wildlife watching Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent UNITED STATES Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,964 100 201,472 100 212,298 100 Wildlife-watching participants. . . . . . . . 76,111 40 62,868 31 66,105 31 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,999 16 23,652 12 21,823 10 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,904 39 60,751 30 62,928 30 New England Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,180 100 10,306 100 10,575 100 Wildlife-watching participants. . . . . . . . 4,598 45 3,710 36 3,875 37 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,856 18 1,443 14 1,155 11 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,544 45 3,586 35 3,765 36 Middle Atlantic Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,216 100 29,371 100 29,806 100 Wildlife-watching participants. . . . . . . . 10,556 36 8,185 28 8,740 29 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,166 14 2,960 10 2,849 10 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,282 35 8,023 27 8,452 28 East North Central Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,188 100 33,121 100 34,082 100 Wildlife-watching participants. . . . . . . . 14,511 45 11,731 35 11,631 34 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,572 17 4,501 14 3,571 10 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,175 44 11,297 34 11,196 33 West North Central Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,504 100 13,875 100 14,430 100 Wildlife-watching participants. . . . . . . . 6,924 51 5,089 37 6,206 43 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,654 20 1,927 14 2,059 14 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,722 50 4,900 35 5,938 41 South Atlantic Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,682 100 36,776 100 39,286 100 Wildlife-watching participants. . . . . . . . 13,047 39 11,252 31 11,395 29 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,450 13 3,992 11 3,469 9 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,813 38 10,964 30 10,911 28 East South Central Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,667 100 12,459 100 12,976 100 Wildlife-watching participants. . . . . . . . 4,864 42 3,904 31 4,514 35 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,592 14 1,118 9 1,086 8 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,765 41 3,795 30 4,390 34 West South Central Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,926 100 21,811 100 23,337 100 Wildlife-watching participants. . . . . . . . 7,035 35 5,933 27 5,747 25 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,459 12 2,096 10 1,822 8 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,817 34 5,773 26 5,490 24 Mountain Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,092 100 11,966 100 13,308 100 Wildlife-watching participants. . . . . . . . 4,437 44 4,099 34 4,619 35 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,215 22 1,967 16 2,019 15 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,145 41 3,855 32 4,282 32 Pacific Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,508 100 31,787 100 34,498 100 Wildlife-watching participants. . . . . . . . 10,139 34 8,966 28 9,377 27 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,035 17 3,648 11 3,793 11 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,641 33 8,558 27 8,504 25 Appendix B B-6 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix C Appendix C. Participants 6 to 15 Years Old The 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Also, these data were based on long-term detailed phase was a series of three Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated recall (at least 12-month recall was interviews conducted at 4-month Recreation was carried out in two required for most of these tables) and intervals. The screening interviews were phases. The first (or screening) phase were reported, in most cases, by one 1-year recall. The shorter recall period of began in April 2001. The main purpose household respondent speaking for all the detailed phase had better data of this phase was to collect information household members rather than the accuracy. It has been found in survey about persons 16 years old and older in shorter term recall of the actual studies that in many cases longer recall order to develop a sample of potential participant, as in the case of the 2001 periods result in over-estimating sportsmen and wildlife-watching detailed phase. participation in and expenditures on participants for the second (or detailed) wildlife-related recreation activities. phase. Information was also collected on Tables C-1 to C-3 report data on the number of persons 6 to 15 years old participants 6 to 15 years old in 2000. who participated in wildlife-related Detailed expenditures and recreational recreation activities in 2000. These data activity data were not gathered for the 6- are reported here in order to include the to 15-year-old participants. recreation activity of 6- to 15-year-olds in this report. Because of the difference in methodologies of the screening phase It is important to emphasize that the and the detailed phase of the 2001 information reported here from the 2001 Survey, the data are not comparable. screening questionnaires relates to Only participants 16 years old and older activity only up to and including 2000. were eligible for the detailed phase. The Appendix C C-2 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table C-1. Pennsylvania Residents 6 to 15 Years Old Participating in Fishing and Hunting: 2000 (State population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands) Sportspersons 6 to 15 years old Sportspersons Percent of Number sports- Percent of persons population Total sportspersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 100 36 Total anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 97 35 Fished only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 84 30 Fished and hunted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *80 *13 *5 Total hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *96 *16 *6 Hunted only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... Hunted and fished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *80 *13 *5 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Column showing percent of sportspersons is based on the ``Total sportspersons'' row. Col- umn showing percent of population is based on the state population 6 to 15 years old, including those who did not fish or hunt. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening inter- view required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes state residents who fished or hunted only in other countries. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix C C-3 Table C-2. Selected Characteristics of Pennsylvania Resident Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 2000 (State population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands) Population Sportspersons (fished or hunted) Anglers Hunters Characteristic Percent Percent Percent Percent who of who Percent who Percent partici- sports- partici- of partici- of Number Percent Number pated persons Number pated anglers Number pated hunters Total persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,656 100 594 36 100 578 35 100 *96 *6 *100 Population Density of Residence Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,112 67 374 34 63 370 33 64 ... ... ... Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 33 220 40 37 208 38 36 *54 *10 *56 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,422 86 510 36 86 494 35 85 *80 *6 *83 1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . 867 52 276 32 46 263 30 46 ... ... ... 250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . 488 29 192 39 32 188 38 33 ... ... ... 50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . *67 *4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Outside MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . *234 *14 *84 *36 *14 *84 *36 *15 ... ... ... SexMale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 49 389 48 65 381 47 66 *76 *9 *79 Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 51 205 24 35 197 23 34 ... ... ... Age 6 to 8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 27 *124 *27 *21 *124 *27 *21 ... ... ... 9 to 11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 29 182 38 31 182 38 31 ... ... ... 12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 44 289 40 49 272 38 47 *82 *11 *85 Ethnicity Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *43 *3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Non-Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,612 97 590 37 99 573 36 99 *96 *6 *100 Race White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,465 88 572 39 96 556 38 96 *92 *6 *96 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 10 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Annual Household Income Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . *100 *6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... $20,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . 167 10 *85 *51 *14 *85 *51 *15 ... ... ... $30,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . 155 9 *54 *35 *9 *54 *35 *9 ... ... ... $40,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . 181 11 *64 *35 *11 *60 *33 *10 ... ... ... $50,000 to $74,999 . . . . . . . . . 266 16 *123 *46 *21 *111 *42 *19 ... ... ... $75,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . 383 23 158 41 27 158 41 27 ... ... ... Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 24 *85 *22 *14 *85 *22 *15 ... ... ... * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Percent who participated shows the percent of each row's population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those liv- ing in urban areas who fished, etc.). Remaining percent columns show the percent of each column's participants who are described by the row head- ing (the percent of anglers who lived in urban areas, etc.). Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for 6 to 15 year olds. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes state resi- dents who fished or hunted only in other countries. Appendix C C-4 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table C-3. Pennsylvania Residents 6 to 15 Years Old Participating in Wildlife Watching: 2000 (State population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands) Participants Percent of Percent of Number participants population Total participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 100 42 Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 39 17 Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 96 41 Observe wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 75 32 Photograph wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *78 *11 *5 Feed wild birds or other wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 64 27 Maintain plantings or natural areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 20 8 * Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. The column showing percent of participants is based on total participants. The column showing percent of population is based on the state population 6 to 15 years old, including those who did not participate in wildlife watching. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix C C-5 Appendix D Appendix D. Sample Design and Statistical Accuracy This Appendix is presented in two parts. identify likely sportspersons and wildlife- Data for the FHWAR sportspersons The first part is the U.S. Census Bureau watching participants, and a series of sample and wildlife-watchers sample Source and Accuracy Statement. This follow-up interviews of selected persons were collected in three waves. The statement describes the sampling design to collect detailed data about their first wave started in April 2001, the for the 2001 Survey and highlights the wildlife-related recreation during 2001. second in September 2001, and the steps taken to produce estimates from the third in January 2002. In the completed questionnaires. The statement The 2001 FHWAR state samples were sportspersons sample, all persons explains the use of standard errors and selected from expired samples of the who hunted or fished in 2001 by the confidence intervals. It also provides Current Population Survey (CPS). time of the screening interview were comprehensive information about errors interviewed in the first wave. The characteristic of surveys, and formulas Sample Design remaining sportspersons sample and parameters to calculate an were interviewed in the second approximate standard error or confidence A. CPS - Current Population Survey wave. All sample persons (from interval for each number published in both the first and second waves) this report. The second part reports The expired CPS samples used for were interviewed in the third wave. approximate standard errors (S.E.s) for the 2001 FHWAR had been selected selected measures of participation and initially from 1990 decennial census The reference period was the expenditures for wildlife-related files with coverage in all 50 states preceding 4 months for waves 1 and recreation. Tables D-1 to D-3 show and the District of Columbia. The 2. In wave 3, the reference period common estimates by state with their samples, while active, had been was either 4 or 8 months depending estimated standard errors. Tables D-4 to continually updated to reflect new on when the sample person was first D-9 provide parameters for computing construction. The sample addresses interviewed. S.E.s. were located in 754 geographic areas consisting of a county or C. The Detailed Samples Source and Accuracy Statement for several contiguous counties. the Pennsylvania State Report of the Two independent detailed samples 2001 National Survey of Fishing, B. The FHWAR Screening Sample were chosen from the FHWAR Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated screening sample. One consisted of Recreation The screening sample consisted sportspersons (people who hunt or of households identified from the fish) and the other of wildlife Source of Data above sources. In Pennsylvania, watchers (people who observe, 1,574 household interviews were The estimates in this report are based on photograph, or feed wildlife). assigned to be interviewed. Of data collected in the 2001 National these, 7.1 percent were found to be Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife- vacant or otherwise not enumerated. 1. Sportspersons Associated Recreation (FHWAR). Of the remaining households, about 21.2 percent could not be enumer- The Census Bureau selected the The 2001 FHWAR Survey was designed ated because the occupants were not state detailed samples based on to provide state-level estimates of the found at home after repeated calls or information reported during the number of participants in recreational were unavailable for some other screening phase. Every person hunting and fishing, and in wildlife- reason. 16 years old and older in the watching activities (e.g., wildlife FHWAR screening sample was observation). Information was collected Overall, 1,135 completed household assigned to a sportspersons on the number of participants, where and interviews were obtained for a state stratum based on time devoted to how often they participated, the type of response rate of 78.8 percent. The hunting/fishing in the past and wildlife encountered, and the amounts field representatives asked screening time expected to be devoted to of money spent on wildlife-related questions for all household members hunting/fishing in the future. recreation. 6 years old and older. Interviewing for the screen was conducted during The survey was conducted in two stages: April, May, and June of 2001. an initial screening of households to Appendix D D-2 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service The four sportspersons older was assigned to a category time as the screening interview categories were: based on time devoted to (April-June 2001). The rest wildlife-watching activities in received their first detailed Active - a person who had already previous years, participation in interview in September/October participated in hunting/fishing in 2001 by the time of the screening 2001. All wildlife-watching 2001 at the time of the screener interview, and intentions to participants received their second interview. participate in activities during the interview in January/February remainder of 2001. 2002. If Census field Likely - a person who had not representatives were not able to participated in 2001 at the time of Each person was placed into one obtain the first interview, they the screener but had participated of the following five groups attempted to interview the person in 2000 OR said they were likely based on their past participation: in the final interviewing period to participate in 2001. with the reference period being Active - a person who had already the entire year. Inactive - a person who had not participated in 2001 at the time of participated in 2000 or 2001 the screening interview. About 384 persons were AND said they were somewhat designated for interviews in unlikely to participate in 2001. Avid - a person who had not yet Pennsylvania. Overall, 339 participated in 2001 but in 2000 detailed wildlife-watching Nonparticipant - a person who had taken trips to participate in participant interviews were had not participated in 2000 or wildlife-watching activities for 21 completed for a response rate 2001 AND said they were very or more days or had spent $300 of 88.3 percent. unlikely to participate in 2001. or more. Estimation Procedure Persons were selected for the Average - a person who had not Several stages of adjustments were used detailed phase based on these yet participated in 2001 but in to derive the final 2001 FHWAR person groupings. 2000 had taken trips to wildlife- weights. A brief description of the major watch for less than 21 days and components of the weights is given Active sportspersons were given had spent less than $300 OR had below. the detailed interview twice-at not participated in wildlife- the same time of the screening watching activities but said they All statistics for the population 6 to 15 interview (April-June 2001) and were very likely to in the years of age were derived from the again in January/February 2002. remainder of 2001. screening interview. Statistics for the Likely sportspersons and a population 16 and over came from both subsample of the inactive Infrequent - a person who had not the screening and detailed interviews. sportspersons were also participated in 2000 or 2001 but Estimates which came from the interviewed twice-first in said they were somewhat likely screening sample are presented in September/October 2001, then in or somewhat unlikely to Appendix C. January/February 2002. If participate in the remainder of Census field representatives were 2001. A. Screening Sample not able to obtain the first interview, they attempted to Nonparticipant - a person who Every interviewed person in the interview the person in the final had not participated in 2000 or screening sample received a weight interviewing period with the 2001 and said they were very that was the product of the following reference period being the entire unlikely to participate during the factors: year. Persons in the remainder of 2001. nonparticipant group were not eligible for a detailed interview. 1. Base Weight. The base weight is Persons were selected for the the inverse of the household's detailed phase based on these probability of selection. About 516 persons were groupings. Persons in the designated for interviews in nonparticipant group were not Pennsylvania. Overall, 447 eligible for a detailed interview. 2. Household Noninterview detailed sportspersons interviews A subsample of each of the other Adjustment. The noninterview were completed for a response groups was selected to receive a adjustment inflated the weight rate of 86.6 percent. detailed interview with the assigned to interviewed chance of being selected households to account for households eligible for interview 2. Wildlife Watchers diminishing as the likelihood of participation diminished. but for which no interview was obtained. The wildlife-watching state detailed sample also was selected Wildlife-watching participants 3. First-Stage Adjustment. The 754 based on information reported were given the detailed interview areas designated for our samples during the screening phase. twice. Some received their first were selected from over 2,000 Every person 16 years of age and detailed interview at the same such areas of the United States. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix D D-3 Some sample areas represent only C. Wildlife-Watchers Sample nonsampling errors in responses and themselves and are referred to as enumeration, but do not measure self-representing. The remaining Every interviewed person in the systematic biases in the data. (Bias is areas represent other areas similar wildlife-watchers detailed sample the average over all possible samples of in selected characteristics and are received a weight that was the the differences between the sample thus designated nonself- product of the following factors: estimate and the actual value.) representing. The first-stage factor reduces the component of 1. Screening Weight. This is the Nonsampling Variability variation arising from sampling individual's final weight from the the nonself-representing areas. Let us suppose that a comparable screening sample. complete enumeration was conducted. 4. Second-Stage Adjustment. This That is, an interview is attempted for 2. Wildlife-Watchers Stratum adjustment brings the estimates every person 16 years old and older in Adjustment. This factor inflated of the total population in each the United States. Chances are we will the weights of persons selected state into agreement with census- not correctly estimate every parameter for the detailed sample to account based estimates of the civilian under consideration (for example, the for the subsampling done within noninstitutional and nonbarrack proportion of people who fished). In this each wildlife-watcher stratum. military populations for each instance, the difference is due solely to state. nonsampling errors. Nonsampling errors 3. Wildlife-Watchers Noninterview also occur in sample surveys and can be Adjustment. This factor adjusts attributed to several sources including B. Sportspersons Sample the weights of the interviewed the following: wildlife-watching participants to Every interviewed person in the account for wildlife watchers * The inability to obtain information sportspersons detailed sample selected for the detailed sample about all cases in the sample. received a weight that was the for which no interview was product of the following factors: obtained. A person was * Definitional difficulties. considered a noninterview if 1. Screening Weight. This is the he/she were not interviewed in individual's final weight from the the third wave of interviewing. * Differences in the interpretation of screening sample. questions. 4. Wildlife-Watchers Ratio 2. Sportspersons Stratum Adjustment Factor. This is a * Respondents' inability or Adjustment. This factor inflated ratio adjustment of the detailed unwillingness to provide correct the weights of persons selected sample to the screening sample information. for the detailed sample to account within wildlife-watchers for the subsampling done within sampling strata. This adjustment * Respondents' inability to recall each sportsperson's stratum. brings the population estimates of information. persons age 16 years old or older 3. Sportspersons Noninterview from the detailed sample into * Errors made in data collection such Adjustment. This factor adjusts agreement with the same as in recording or coding the data. the weights of the interviewed estimates from the screening sportspersons to account for sample, which was a much larger * Errors made in the processing of sportspersons selected for the sample. data. detailed sample for whom no interview was obtained. A person Accuracy of the Estimates * Errors made in estimating values for was considered a noninterview if missing data. he/she were not interviewed in Since the 2001 estimates came from a the third wave of interviewing. sample, they may differ from figures * Failure to represent all units with the from a complete census using the same sample (undercoverage). questionnaires, instructions, and 4. Sportspersons Ratio Adjustment enumerators. A sample survey estimate Factor. This is a ratio adjustment has two possible types of error- Overall CPS undercoverage is estimated of the detailed sample to the sampling and nonsampling. The to be about 8 percent. Generally, screening sample within accuracy of an estimate depends on both undercoverage is larger for males than sportspersons sampling stratum. types of error, but the full extent of the for females and larger for Blacks and This adjustment brings the nonsampling error is unknown. other races combined than for Whites. population estimates of persons Consequently, one should be particularly Ratio estimation to independent age 16 years old or older from careful when interpreting results based population controls, as described the detailed sample into on a relatively small number of cases or previously, partially corrects for the bias agreement with the same on small differences between estimates. due to survey undercoverage. However, estimates from the screening The standard errors for the 2001 biases exist in the estimates to the extent sample, which was a much larger FHWAR estimates primarily indicate the that missed persons in missed sample. magnitude of sampling error. They also households or missed persons in partially measure the effect of some interviewed households have different Appendix D D-4 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service characteristics from those of interviewed example of nonsampling variability not would probably not reveal useful persons in the same age group. reflected in the standard errors. Use information when computed on a base caution when comparing results from smaller than 100,000. Take care in the Comparability of Data. Data obtained different sources (See Appendix B). interpretation of small differences. For from the 2001 FHWAR and other instance, even a small amount of sources are not entirely comparable. Note When Using Small Estimates. nonsampling error can cause a borderline This results from differences in field Because of the large standard errors difference to appear significant or not, interviewer training and experience and involved, summary measures (such as thus distorting a seemingly valid in differing survey processes. This is an medians and percentage distributions) hypothesis test. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix D D-5 Sampling Variability The particular sample used for the 2001 FHWAR Survey is one of a large number of all possible samples of the same size that could have been selected using the same sample design. Estimates derived from the different samples would differ from each other. This sample-to-sample variability is referred to as sampling variability and is generally measured by the standard error. The exact sampling error is unknown. However, guides to the potential size of the sampling error are provided by the standard error of the estimate. Since the standard error of a survey estimate attempts to provide a measure of the variation among the estimates from the possible samples, it is a measure of the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the average result of all possible samples. Standard errors, as calculated by methods described next in "Standard Errors and Their Use," are primarily measures of sampling variability, although they may include some nonsampling error. The sample estimate and its standard error enable one to construct a confidence interval, a range that would include the average result of all possible samples with a known probability. For example, if all possible samples were surveyed under essentially the same general conditions and using the same sample design, and if an estimate and its standard error were calculated from each sample, then approximately 90 percent of the intervals from 1.645 standard errors below the estimate to 1.645 standard errors above the estimate would include the average result of all possible samples. A particular confidence interval may or may not contain the average estimate derived from all possible samples. However, one can say with specified confidence that the interval includes the average estimate calculated from all possible samples. Standard errors may also be used to perform hypothesis testing-a procedure for distinguishing between population parameters using sample estimates. One common type of hypothesis is that the population parameters are different. An example would be comparing the proportion of anglers to the proportion of hunters. Tests may be performed at various levels of significance where a significance level is the probability of concluding that the characteristics are different when, in fact, they are the same. To conclude that two characteristics are different at the 0.10 level of significance, the absolute value of the estimated difference between characteristics must be greater than or equal to 1.645 times the standard error of the difference. This report uses 90-percent confidence intervals and 0.10 levels of significance to determine statistical validity. Consult standard statistical textbooks for alternative criteria. Standard Errors and Their Use. A number of approximations are required to derive, at a moderate cost, standard errors applicable to all the estimates in this report. Instead of providing an individual standard error for each estimate, parameters are provided to calculate standard errors for each type of characteristic. These parameters are listed in tables D-4 to D-9. Methods for using the parameters to calculate standard errors of various estimates are given in the next sections. Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers. The approximate standard error, sx, of an estimated number shown in this report can be obtained using the following formulas. Formula (1) is used to calculate the standard errors of levels of sportspersons, anglers, and wildlife watchers. (1) Here, x is the size of the estimate and a and b are the parameters in the tables associated with the particular characteristic. Formula (2) is used for standard errors of aggregates, i.e., trips, days, and expenditures. (2) Here, x is again the size of the estimate; y is the base of the estimate; and a, b, and c are the parameters in the tables associated with the particular characteristic. Appendix D D-6 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Number Suppose that a table shows that 37,805,000 persons 16+ either fished or hunted in the United States in 2001. Using formula (1) with the parameters a= -0.000020 and b= 4,289 from table D-5, the approximate standard error of the estimates number of 37,805,000 sportspersons 16+ is The 90-percent confidence interval for the estimated number of sportspersons 16+ is from 37,203,800 to 38,406,200, i.e., 37,805,000 ± 1.645 x 365,500. Therefore, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a range computed in this way would be correct for roughly 90 percent of all possible samples. Suppose that another table shows that 13,034,300 hunters 16+ engaged in 228,367,800 days of participation in 2001 in the United States. Using formula (2) with the parameters a = 0.000168, b = -11,904, and c = 12,496 from table D-7, the approximate standard error on 228,367,800 estimated days on an estimated base of 13,034,300 hunters is The 90-percent confidence interval on the estimate of 228,367,800 days is from 216,053,200 to 240,682,400, i.e., 228,367,800 ± 1.645 x 7,486,100. Again, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a range computed in this way would be correct for roughly 90 percent of all possible samples. Standard Errors of Estimated Percentages. The reliability of an estimated percentage, computed using sample data for both numerator and denominator, depends on the size of the percentage and its base. Estimated percentages are relatively more reliable than the corresponding estimates of the numerators of the percentages, particularly if the percentages are 50 percent or more. When the numerator and the denominator of the percentage are in different categories, use the parameter in the tables indicated by the numerator. The approximate standard error, sx,p, can be obtained by use of the formula (3) Here, x is the total number of sportspersons, hunters, etc., which is the base of the percentage; p is the percentage (0 < p < 100); and b is the parameter in the tables associated with the characteristic in the numerator of the percentage. Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Percentage Suppose that a table shows that of the 13,034,300 hunters 16+ in the United States, 22.7 percent hunted migratory birds. From table D-5, the appropriate b parameter is 3,793. Using formula (3), the approximate standard error on the estimate of 22.7 percent is Consequently, the 90-percent confidence interval for the estimate percentage of migratory bird hunters 16+ is from 21.5 percent to 23.9 percent, i.e. 22.7 ± 1.645 x 0.71. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix D D-7 Standard Error of a Difference. The standard error of the difference between two sample estimates is approximately equal to (4) where sx and sy are the standard errors of the estimates x and y. The estimates can be numbers, percentages, ratios, etc. This will represent the actual standard error quite accurately for the difference between estimates of the same characteristic in two different areas, or for the difference between separate and uncorrelated characteristics in the same area. However, if there is a high positive (negative) correlation between the two characteristics, the formula will overestimate (underestimate) the true standard error. Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of a Difference Suppose that a table shows that of the 13,034,300 hunters in the United States, 9,985,100 were licensed hunters, and 1,689,300 were exempt from a hunting license. The corresponding percentages are 76.6 percent and 13.0 percent, respectively. The apparent difference between the percent of licensed hunters and hunters who are exempt from a license is 63.6 percent. Using formula (3) and the appropriate b parameter from Table D-5, the approximate standard errors of 76.6 percent and 13.0 percent are 0.83 and 1.59, respectively. Using formula (4), the approximate standard error of the estimated difference of 63.6 percent is The 90-percent confidence interval on the difference between licensed hunters and those who were exempt from a hunting license is from 62.1 to 65.1 percent, i.e., 63.6 ± 1.645 x 0.92. Since the interval does not contain zero, we can conclude with 90 percent confidence that the percentage of licensed hunters is greater than the percentage of hunters who are exempt from a hunting license. Standard Errors of Estimated Averages. Certain mean values for sportspersons, anglers, etc., shown in the report were calculated as the ratio of two numbers. For example, average days per angler is calculated as: Standard errors for these averages may be approximated by the use of formula (5) below. (5) In formula (5), r represents the correlation coefficient between the numerator and the denominator of the estimate. In the above formula, use 0.7 as an estimate of r. Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Average Suppose that a table shows that the average days per angler 16 years old or older for all fishing was 16.4 days. Using formulas (1) and (2) above, we compute the standard error on total days, 557,393,900, and total anglers, 34,071,100, to be 8,726,000 and 350,600, respectively. The approximate standard error on the estimated average of 16.4 days is therefore, the 90-percent confidence interval on the estimated average of 16.4 days is from 16.1 to 16.7, i.e., 16.4 ± 1.645 x 0.18. Appendix D D-8 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D-1. Approximate Standard Errors of Resident Anglers, Days of Fishing by State Residents, and Expenditures for Fishing by State Residents (Numbers in thousands) Participation Days Expenditures in dollars State Estimate Standard error Estimate Standard error Estimate Standard error Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 28 10,841 452 $600,364 $83,099 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 8 2,445 262 $213,781 $18,009 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 23 4,327 510 $326,068 $59,815 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 31 11,776 1,296 $386,164 $50,245 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,389 124 27,878 3,138 $2,162,620 $362,896 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626 31 7,639 638 $772,537 $105,782 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 17 5,496 631 $327,787 $33,697 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5 1,341 213 $92,474 $20,799 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,109 91 43,439 4,318 $3,426,795 $420,930 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,043 52 15,559 1,799 $612,414 $87,929 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7 2,662 554 $97,707 $18,656 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 15 3,097 330 $230,006 $25,225 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,415 73 21,603 1,814 $1,147,325 $186,223 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 41 15,537 1,865 $469,379 $80,663 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 28 8,534 672 $319,087 $37,612 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 21 6,426 907 $331,195 $46,971 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630 36 12,135 1,041 $551,378 $64,270 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 44 12,130 1,412 $648,285 $61,451 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 13 3,449 397 $158,533 $25,580 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 31 7,112 1,027 $495,458 $63,380 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 23 8,387 789 $460,207 $71,626 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,039 66 18,869 3,090 $960,469 $172,980 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,345 59 29,344 3,270 $1,251,828 $159,542 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 28 9,325 1,652 $317,408 $47,936 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 46 12,396 859 $757,928 $93,775 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 11 3,656 468 $202,751 $25,563 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 13 3,378 281 $179,878 $27,770 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 12 2,230 387 $235,599 $39,457 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 8 2,974 305 $186,436 $29,039 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 30 10,973 1,632 $712,797 $90,138 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 13 2,407 358 $196,661 $30,674 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,340 79 23,167 2,932 $921,777 $169,508 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894 45 14,615 1,280 $924,937 $105,704 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 6 2,584 217 $182,746 $19,235 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,390 65 22,014 1,944 $905,650 $97,445 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685 35 13,228 1,554 $493,616 $62,689 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 27 8,720 1,081 $590,738 $64,749 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,270 80 21,417 2,271 $762,242 $69,554 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5 1,638 179 $117,842 $15,812 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 28 10,321 946 $496,974 $58,949 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 8 2,414 289 $101,893 $15,767 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803 40 15,451 1,519 $468,841 $92,443 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,381 137 34,148 5,143 $2,129,921 $258,534 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 17 5,346 344 $400,214 $36,948 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 7 1,969 212 $72,326 $10,954 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888 47 14,774 1,198 $688,844 $103,105 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 37 13,520 1,142 $966,874 $89,559 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 16 4,346 349 $146,288 $19,717 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981 56 19,360 2,175 $844,539 $115,997 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6 1,901 220 $135,280 $20,747 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix D D-9 Table D-2. Approximate Standard Errors of Resident Hunters, Days of Hunting by State Residents, and Expenditures for Hunting by State Residents (Numbers in thousands) Participation Days Expenditures in dollars State Estimate Standard error Estimate Standard error Estimate Standard error Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 22 7,262 1,047 $652,845 $132,117 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5 982 174 $111,678 $18,869 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 13 1,649 345 $225,651 $74,606 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 28 7,075 1,140 $387,489 $69,954 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 43 3,695 1,076 $368,701 $136,459 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 18 1,982 338 $185,277 $39,453 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 7 824 199 $69,359 $24,196 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 279 85 $18,424 $6,513 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 39 5,865 1,370 $545,627 $130,063 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 32 7,882 1,023 $505,894 $88,503 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4 322 92 $17,266 $6,678 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 12 1,784 252 $168,088 $32,796 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 44 5,842 2,234 $527,776 $181,913 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 28 5,016 939 $279,670 $70,406 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 16 4,086 725 $185,082 $38,141 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 17 3,424 443 $223,192 $41,908 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 23 4,538 482 $384,751 $59,977 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 28 7,325 1,565 $528,155 $98,836 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 10 2,169 366 $119,144 $23,982 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 14 1,992 352 $143,143 $33,553 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 10 1,727 406 $113,461 $24,955 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 54 8,784 1,080 $556,880 $131,109 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 40 8,673 930 $601,497 $97,084 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 23 6,977 1,283 $306,157 $74,399 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 37 6,715 1,184 $490,761 $115,416 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 11 2,112 240 $161,239 $25,032 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 10 1,963 203 $135,092 $28,074 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6 558 104 $149,292 $38,530 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5 1,300 169 $55,775 $11,739 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 15 3,000 641 $156,786 $48,877 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 13 1,594 371 $171,811 $39,225 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 51 13,124 1,611 $975,691 $202,696 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 33 8,372 1,717 $566,504 $124,764 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 7 1,417 232 $78,745 $11,192 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 39 11,077 2,011 $645,875 $157,380 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 24 5,965 1,012 $323,215 $66,265 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 18 2,917 481 $432,628 $104,547 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 68 14,091 1,656 $901,173 $144,957 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 193 61 $15,214 $6,679 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 21 4,657 810 $280,030 $52,190 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 7 1,347 215 $112,448 $25,400 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 31 6,962 1,248 $659,063 $122,182 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,126 108 15,186 3,248 $1,467,034 $244,695 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 13 2,512 386 $308,510 $53,000 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6 1,460 195 $53,805 $8,476 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 32 5,819 866 $340,273 $64,904 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 17 3,311 352 $339,470 $81,858 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 16 4,791 637 $201,282 $39,066 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 41 9,305 1,151 $634,413 $119,195 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 6 870 100 $62,958 $13,319 Appendix D D-10 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D-3. Approximate Standard Errors of Resident Nonresidential Participants, Days of Nonresidential Participation by State Residents, and Trip-Related Expenditures for Nonresidential Activities by State Residents (Numbers in thousands) Participation Days Expenditures in dollars State Estimate Standard error Estimate Standard error Estimate Standard error Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 40 3,782 746 $109,926 $24,800 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 12 1,766 316 $49,035 $11,646 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 45 3,537 571 $174,237 $34,239 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 43 1,545 407 $70,811 $24,515 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,191 254 25,134 4,024 $894,746 $175,803 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 61 6,555 1,258 $183,470 $45,064 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 34 6,770 1,596 $82,766 $16,616 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 8 595 135 $15,727 $4,444 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,279 171 20,371 4,477 $508,519 $118,715 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 67 5,175 1,581 $174,269 $55,270 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 9 1,099 282 $32,319 $10,688 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 43 2,540 558 $58,842 $15,651 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 81 9,208 2,307 $254,698 $57,633 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 67 12,319 3,071 $140,460 $34,864 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 41 6,960 1,751 $77,012 $19,264 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 34 2,470 347 $81,231 $15,404 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 40 6,365 2,093 $93,187 $24,333 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 39 2,364 562 $53,259 $18,104 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 21 3,384 614 $64,202 $16,036 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 53 5,959 1,226 $188,565 $47,258 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 59 10,992 2,658 $145,764 $30,650 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 122 13,192 2,762 $332,609 $90,218 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 82 13,406 4,473 $124,187 $25,145 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 22 3,466 1,449 $32,803 $13,539 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 129 12,028 3,251 $130,720 $32,074 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 22 2,975 631 $75,050 $20,978 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 21 1,853 405 $34,077 $7,859 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 20 1,108 199 $50,162 $13,058 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 21 1,641 371 $47,666 $11,395 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 66 10,772 2,207 $230,096 $41,929 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 26 5,375 1,059 $69,803 $29,473 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,112 138 21,423 4,045 $471,293 $128,063 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 62 5,458 1,857 $121,730 $30,272 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8 450 97 $6,946 $2,453 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887 94 20,687 5,732 $266,849 $54,800 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 55 3,834 1,079 $42,413 $9,434 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 68 7,288 981 $175,678 $25,285 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,173 148 19,672 4,214 $445,924 $108,522 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 8 974 230 $9,876 $2,638 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 56 4,458 1,374 $79,258 $21,827 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 14 1,762 518 $14,195 $3,862 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 57 3,601 663 $114,678 $29,348 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,043 240 11,956 2,858 $689,729 $188,701 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 35 3,651 1,162 $93,928 $24,813 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 17 2,081 526 $30,384 $6,397 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 84 9,599 2,345 $225,247 $59,484 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 90 12,238 1,311 $433,951 $77,714 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 22 2,494 599 $62,283 $16,816 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 85 14,215 3,348 $268,911 $43,219 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 10 1,778 411 $27,150 $9,198 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix D D-11 Table D-4. Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Sportspersons, Anglers, Hunters, and Wildlife-Watching Participants (These parameters are to be used only to calculate estimates of standard errors for characteristics developed from the screening sample) 6 years old and over 6-15 year olds only State a b a b United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000017 4,191 ­0.000103 4,052 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000380 1,493 ­0.002270 1,417 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000948 512 ­0.004485 489 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000399 1,559 ­0.001931 1,303 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001069 2,456 ­0.006381 2,444 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000221 6,329 ­0.001083 5,240 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000521 1,819 ­0.002707 1,551 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000336 996 ­0.002227 1,007 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000428 283 ­0.002753 284 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000427 5,619 ­0.002768 5,390 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000506 3,361 ­0.002856 3,156 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000659 705 ­0.003146 538 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001285 1,393 ­0.006911 1,424 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000427 4,572 ­0.002310 4,043 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000578 3,064 ­0.003388 2,867 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000803 2,084 ­0.004015 1,702 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000659 1,528 ­0.004453 1,804 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000493 1,760 ­0.002857 1,623 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000874 3,461 ­0.004231 3,101 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000903 1,035 ­0.005933 1,086 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000463 2,151 ­0.002684 1,973 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000193 1,065 ­0.001155 928 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000606 5,281 ­0.003588 5,206 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001004 4,226 ­0.006232 4,574 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000955 2,368 ­0.005090 2,275 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000681 3,305 ­0.004295 3,440 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001327 1,085 ­0.008909 1,292 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000479 714 ­0.002742 713 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000588 845 ­0.003740 838 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000455 482 ­0.002565 446 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000220 1,591 ­0.001309 1,434 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000887 1,389 ­0.004190 1,228 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000298 4,907 ­0.001768 4,458 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000506 3,353 ­0.004040 4,161 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000994 581 ­0.007996 816 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000402 4,091 ­0.002543 4,199 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000774 2,323 ­0.003822 2,007 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000429 1,261 ­0.002347 1,105 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000563 6,176 ­0.004018 6,755 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000327 291 ­0.002062 276 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000542 1,838 ­0.002857 1,566 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000788 522 ­0.005465 667 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000798 3,887 ­0.005230 3,954 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000674 11,571 ­0.003386 10,479 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000532 948 ­0.001723 667 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001116 605 ­0.008013 697 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000636 3,870 ­0.003336 3,090 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000190 956 ­0.001070 889 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000784 1,344 ­0.005315 1,323 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000986 4,628 ­0.005562 4,461 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001599 718 ­0.007708 647 Appendix D D-12 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D-5. Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Levels for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample Sportspersons and anglers 16+ Hunters 16+ State a b a b United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000020 4,289 ­0.000018 3,793 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000459 1,570 ­0.000489 1,672 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001213 535 ­0.000986 435 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000405 1,492 ­0.000389 1,431 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001229 2,452 ­0.001529 3,050 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000275 7,111 ­0.000265 6,859 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000602 1,924 ­0.000649 2,075 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000385 976 ­0.000429 1,086 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000483 288 ­0.000658 392 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000395 4,789 ­0.000478 5,788 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000512 3,106 ­0.000472 2,858 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000509 454 ­0.001043 930 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001216 1,176 ­0.001263 1,221 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000487 4,492 ­0.000648 5,979 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000549 2,501 ­0.000654 2,982 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000888 1,953 ­0.000659 1,450 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000642 1,292 ­0.000832 1,673 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000835 2,592 ­0.000679 2,110 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000991 3,270 ­0.000831 2,743 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000954 959 ­0.000937 942 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000516 2,087 ­0.000397 1,605 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000252 1,221 ­0.000278 1,344 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000643 4,874 ­0.000592 4,491 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001114 4,105 ­0.000889 3,278 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001033 2,169 ­0.001124 2,360 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000678 2,843 ­0.000857 3,597 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001195 832 ­0.001299 904 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000676 851 ­0.000707 890 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000617 893 ­0.000576 833 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000501 478 ­0.000547 522 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000252 1,588 ­0.000305 1,918 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000711 944 ­0.001259 1,672 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000364 5,159 ­0.000301 4,277 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000451 2,646 ­0.000616 3,618 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000814 389 ­0.001295 619 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000421 3,638 ­0.000381 3,292 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000954 2,454 ­0.001042 2,679 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000652 1,715 ­0.000558 1,468 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000635 5,902 ­0.000628 5,840 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000423 322 ­0.000510 389 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000527 1,616 ­0.000696 2,133 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001088 605 ­0.001013 563 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000577 2,490 ­0.000749 3,232 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000603 9,273 ­0.000733 11,259 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000616 955 ­0.000714 1,106 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001086 520 ­0.001184 567 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000546 2,930 ­0.000658 3,529 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000427 1,913 ­0.000305 1,368 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000781 1,133 ­0.000891 1,288 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001026 4,165 ­0.000832 3,378 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001209 452 ­0.001693 633 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix D D-13 Table D-6. Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Expenditures for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample Sportspersons and anglers 16+ Hunters 16+ State a b c a b c United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000209 ­81,938 16,935 0.000849 ­338,404 16,347 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009175 ­61,525 5,860 0.024164 ­1,049 5,155 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.006112 ­16,312 2,378 0.021402 39,475 489 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.026819 ­7,817 2,578 0.092593 ­90,851 2,072 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004633 ­23,748 6,426 0.014405 ­62,820 5,523 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.021384 ­70,276 15,458 0.113785 ­136,283 6,339 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009864 ­19,578 5,293 0.022718 ­94,581 3,887 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001877 ­16,928 2,684 0.079125 ­34,580 1,895 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.040550 ­7,042 809 0.105687 ­2,637 311 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.007654 20,508 14,478 0.023874 ­155,743 8,973 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014008 ­36,268 6,059 0.008831 ­95,649 7,863 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.025846 ­5,658 1,067 0.097125 ­938 788 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002875 ­29,463 3,878 0.016379 ­64,453 3,289 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019572 10,051 8,854 0.085878 ­549,762 11,311 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.022696 ­22,961 5,102 0.033251 ­103,911 8,051 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005064 ­20,998 4,528 0.016656 ­138,890 5,392 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.015860 18,185 1,730 0.021785 ­50,528 2,671 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004591 ­41,799 5,443 0.008079 ­58,497 4,208 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.00040 ­65,739 6,880 0.019445 ­21,541 4,669 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.017717 ­5,998 1,713 0.025284 ­13,157 1,841 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008904 ­8,843 3,522 0.032998 ­11,255 2,731 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016262 ­12,678 3,571 0.024064 ­1,953 1,922 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019792 ­127,849 11,921 0.040148 ­65,705 9,671 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008800 ­47,947 9,688 0.014048 ­30,492 6,738 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016340 ­3,615 2,838 0.048203 ­12,376 2,679 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010252 ­14,938 4,700 0.044792 ­43,432 4,274 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006249 2,944 2,023 0.012939 ­22,671 1,865 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.017333 ­3,651 1,663 0.027267 ­39,668 2,043 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018933 ­14,263 1,569 0.031588 ­38,184 1,658 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018219 ­2,158 896 0.019369 ­16,561 1,337 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008872 ­21,461 4,161 0.074090 ­47,814 2,925 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009851 ­15,340 3,013 0.038148 4,904 1,576 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.026625 ­55,537 8,963 0.021960 ­65,942 13,270 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002898 ­52,854 8,564 0.027058 ­70,174 6,255 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005072 ­1,310 842 0.013476 10,740 593 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006294 ­16,259 6,658 0.032819 ­343,279 12,406 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004660 ­37,618 7,562 0.020499 ­34,984 4,891 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003145 ­20,997 4,657 0.039506 ­209,288 4,495 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001615 ­16,424 12,085 0.015010 ­45,176 9,408 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008233 ­3,065 823 0.163731 1,552 318 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006577 ­24,715 4,435 0.014150 ­45,230 4,751 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016156 ­6,396 1,099 0.041242 13,567 850 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.033971 ­12,176 3,739 0.025020 25,879 2,858 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002571 ­181,509 27,582 0.012511 228,353 16,609 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001106 ­2,243 3,125 0.011415 ­63,829 3,240 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.011747 ­4,625 1,103 0.008540 ­5,531 1,212 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016382 ­12,594 5,152 0.014967 ­57,318 6,583 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003760 ­21,018 4,033 0.047027 ­137,577 2,616 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006720 ­9,550 2,878 0.031204 ­15,338 1,413 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.012407 ­19,300 6,202 0.024061 ­96,808 6,607 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.012293 ­9,179 1,344 0.024311 ­20,666 1,350 Appendix D D-14 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D-7. Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Days or Trips for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample Sportspersons and anglers 16+ Hunters 16+ State a b c a b c United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000359 ­10,379 21,216 0.000168 ­11,904 12,496 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.014899 ­1,645 10,642 0.010257 ­3,745 3,494 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004232 ­2,284 1,514 0.017337 ­1,630 1,174 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009813 ­504 1,658 0.025859 ­2,427 2,408 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000591 ­4,532 7,151 0.005331 ­5,600 6,560 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005829 ­32,577 19,133 0.046419 ­14,455 11,763 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002514 ­4,440 6,304 0.005304 ­3,344 4,269 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004894 ­1,905 2,797 0.032365 ­208 1,179 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019930 ­260 493 0.042659 ­901 837 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004327 ­8,388 12,123 0.023712 ­8,026 8,704 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006853 ­15,975 7,865 0.000498 ­4,557 6,375 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.024692 ­3,126 2,236 ­0.011390 ­629 1,711 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003745 ­3,875 4,263 0.007761 ­1,392 1,956 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001740 ­10,299 13,115 0.116103 ­25,870 11,750 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005471 ­5,800 7,756 0.015379 ­6,119 5,928 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002638 ­1,789 4,745 0.013073 ­5,442 4,003 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016223 ­605 1,633 ­0.005996 ­2,318 4,722 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001146 ­3,831 5,559 ­0.008903 ­1,883 5,581 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005167 ­9,551 6,990 0.031739 ­9,447 4,809 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001145 ­2,421 3,262 0.012469 ­2,544 2,121 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.015009 ­1,757 3,235 ­0.000817 ­3,341 4,179 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001279 ­5,091 4,088 0.028210 ­2,953 2,268 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014345 ­13,184 13,688 0.005369 ­5,906 7,564 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003565 ­17,781 12,718 ­0.002763 ­5,610 8,671 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019493 ­15,942 6,461 0.014162 ­6,098 5,274 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002128 ­5,253 7,226 0.018480 ­8,909 5,746 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000449 ­2,600 3,680 0.000401 ­1,984 2,302 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001914 ­1,750 2,477 ­0.000535 ­295 1,450 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.021810 ­2,046 1,649 ­0.001816 ­1,230 1,883 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002071 ­1,578 1,470 0.000312 ­511 902 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.011720 ­5,526 6,959 0.022081 ­3,488 3,096 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001275 ­6,683 5,081 0.035962 ­4,491 2,409 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006773 ­19,672 13,519 ­0.006261 ­6,261 14,001 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003764 ­7,850 10,700 0.005307 ­10,202 11,887 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000254 ­1,046 1,099 0.013638 ­2,072 1,354 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002277 ­12,642 14,807 0.014951 ­10,264 9,111 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002908 ­8,589 7,908 ­0.012896 ­7,384 10,343 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.004964 ­10,252 11,849 0.014008 ­4,387 3,466 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000351 ­9,506 15,294 0.001946 ­7,227 10,734 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003515 ­532 829 0.036010 ­680 752 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001822 ­4,530 4,244 0.016996 ­2,924 3,226 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006727 ­857 1,163 0.014473 ­561 1,029 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003393 ­8,542 10,929 0.014450 ­5,875 5,933 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008771 ­62,115 37,457 0.026724 ­40,596 24,438 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000945 ­159 2,170 0.009900 ­3,490 2,684 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003874 ­1,213 1,671 0.001720 ­943 1,254 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003305 ­6,179 9,142 0.003533 ­4,262 5,955 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001423 ­4,085 5,250 ­0.000778 ­1,826 2,912 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003294 ­831 2,712 0.003483 ­2,510 3,463 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000821 ­11,365 13,762 0.002687 ­8,025 7,969 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001824 ­978 1,466 0.000207 3,198 606 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix D D-15 Table D-8. Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Levels of Wildlife-Watching Participants for the Detailed Wildlife-Watching Sample Nonresidential users Wildlife-watching participants1 State a b a b United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000076 15,974 ­0.000040 8,555 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001806 6,172 ­0.000996 3,406 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003984 1,757 ­0.003102 1,368 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001862 6,858 ­0.001138 4,191 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.005383 10,740 ­0.003708 7,397 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001245 32,229 ­0.000675 17,485 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002666 8,521 ­0.001570 5,017 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002028 5,136 ­0.001170 2,963 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003015 1,797 ­0.001488 887 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002113 25,612 ­0.001029 12,478 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002607 15,802 ­0.001239 7,512 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001747 1,558 ­0.001508 1,345 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.011466 11,088 ­0.002755 2,664 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001118 10,311 ­0.001182 10,900 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002301 10,485 ­0.001294 5,899 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002614 5,750 ­0.002397 5,274 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002324 4,676 ­0.001200 2,414 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001720 5,341 ­0.001519 4,717 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002007 6,621 ­0.001352 4,459 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003051 3,066 ­0.002046 2,056 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001879 7,604 ­0.001100 4,449 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001845 8,924 ­0.000791 3,824 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002911 22,083 ­0.001385 10,506 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003859 14,226 ­0.002710 9,989 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002421 5,085 ­0.002331 4,896 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.007940 33,309 ­0.002372 9,949 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.005126 3,568 ­0.003963 2,758 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002615 3,292 ­0.001558 1,961 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002376 3,438 ­0.001641 2,375 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003949 3,767 ­0.001860 1,774 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001349 8,490 ­0.000839 5,282 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003029 4,023 ­0.001796 2,385 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001303 18,488 ­0.000811 11,505 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001908 11,203 ­0.001382 8,114 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003144 1,503 ­0.002659 1,271 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001298 11,210 ­0.000884 7,638 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.004011 10,317 ­0.002253 5,796 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003939 10,356 ­0.001506 3,958 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002310 21,485 ­0.001198 11,142 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001581 1,205 ­0.001226 934 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.004009 12,288 ­0.001840 5,460 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.005473 3,043 ­0.002845 1,582 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002163 9,330 ­0.001206 5,202 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003860 59,315 ­0.001142 17,541 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.003023 4,685 ­0.002427 3,762 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.007125 3,413 ­0.003296 1,579 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002550 13,684 ­0.001540 8,266 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002590 11,601 ­0.000842 3,773 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002233 3,226 ­0.001979 2,859 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.002881 11,690 ­0.002288 9,283 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.004150 1,552 ­0.004075 1,524 1 Use these parameters for total wildlife-watching participants and residential participants. Appendix D D-16 Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D-9. Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Expenditures and Days or Trips for Detailed Wildlife-Watching Sample Expenditures Days or trips State a b c a b c United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.000286 ­65,186 37,635 0.000052 543,738 10,948 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.030708 ­4,434 4,714 ­0.022833 ­34,485 19,838 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.041800 ­4,269 1,514 ­0.029715 ­14,349 8,241 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.015564 ­88,920 7,092 ­0.006753 8,600 9,994 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010470 ­232,312 19,942 ­0.016982 ­55,327 23,242 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018066 ­66,438 36,961 0.012283 199,721 11,847 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.038817 ­215,098 11,070 ­0.052385 ­41,128 50,721 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009671 ­39,324 6,004 ­0.041089 ­115,012 28,194 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.048255 793 1,135 ­0.017715 ­10,761 3,753 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.037237 246,936 15,955 ­0.011904 368,712 53,853 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.049562 ­47,365 13,337 ­0.012828 ­66,122 35,936 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.073902 ­7,392 1,428 ­0.107474 ­50,423 10,960 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.049578 3,816 4,179 ­0.012767 26,870 10,809 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.023791 ­91,738 15,163 0.017880 ­26,735 32,660 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.031176 ­6,949 11,644 ­0.031304 ­137,397 50,618 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.027387 ­151,677 10,811 ­0.043626 ­36,375 39,705 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014086 ­26,411 5,617 ­0.020112 ­42,505 16,304 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.034724 ­14,328 9,748 ­0.100682 ­143,695 76,120 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.077714 ­11,409 5,935 ­0.079705 ­145,421 49,422 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.023033 ­44,469 5,406 ­0.017174 ­7,365 9,098 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.043571 ­70,123 6,923 ­0.033325 ­216,192 46,228 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006810 ­178,680 12,400 ­0.031568 ­234,200 47,548 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.040492 ­319,042 19,607 ­0.018833 ­31,270 48,594 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014246 ­14,209 13,809 ­0.095678 ­560,553 139,828 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.124078 18,562 3,885 ­0.030843 ­100,539 24,176 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.034639 ­25,636 11,799 ­0.010269 219,841 37,795 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.057903 ­22,171 3,776 ­0.012332 5,559 10,812 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.024994 ­4,237 3,539 ­0.038650 ­12,323 13,951 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.034440 22,068 4,012 ­0.005101 ­34,384 8,741 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.035666 ­13,208 2,568 0.022014 ­23,662 6,038 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.013039 ­52,984 9,831 ­0.011200 215,547 18,712 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.160478 ­37,219 3,245 ­0.041133 ­40,922 17,946 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.055761 ­88,911 14,702 ­0.018354 ­352,468 78,358 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016613 ­38,392 14,073 ­0.014391 ­150,974 57,926 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.083798 ­1,532 1,564 0.000482 ­16,359 3,936 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.013567 ­190,802 23,398 0.054816 ­205,827 28,294 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016264 ­32,772 9,957 0.012938 93,047 14,288 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006779 ­12,633 7,354 ­0.034862 ­36,621 32,540 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.029900 ­197,526 29,144 0.024902 969,419 ­33,184 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.030265 ­1,717 1,486 ­0.069322 ­95,835 12,964 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.053921 14,141 5,196 ­0.019706 ­230,401 46,919 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.057120 7,343 999 ­0.031149 ­123,874 14,456 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.037696 ­9,299 8,559 0.000581 38,507 8,480 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.038651 ­443,322 33,784 0.005378 354,179 23,102 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.056421 9,481 4,059 0.045711 ­66,098 23,779 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.013746 ­43,820 3,010 0.010618 ­34,930 7,630 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.036266 ­105,349 16,055 ­0.016136 ­231,865 58,093 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018752 ­46,218 10,365 ­0.015432 ­108,529 31,269 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.051192 ­2,708 2,632 ­0.035244 ­80,788 20,819 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ­0.001127 ­25,290 18,720 ­0.064163 ­592,681 124,050 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.097425 ­2,122 1,550 ­0.093805 ­13,385 14,702 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-Pennsylvania Appendix D D-17 Notes Pennsylvania-U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service