Conservation Tools

An open-end mortgage can secure payment of an obligation that has not come into existence yet. The excerpt from the Unofficial Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes from West regarding open-end mortgages as well as Pennsylvania Senate Bill 693 enacted as Act 126 of 1990 are included here.

Pennsylvania’s Act 8 of 2011 (House Bill 442) prohibits private transfer fees but provides exceptions for fees payable to nonprofit corporations in association with conservation easements as well as for fees payable to governments.

This primer on using private transfer fees in New Hampshire, subtitled "The conservation gifts that keep on giving," explains the need for finding money to cover the long-term monitoring and enforcement obligations of conservation easement and fee land holders. It discusses the use of "Stewardship Transfer Fees" (built into a conservation easement) and "Stewardship Legacy Agreements" (a separate document) as revenue-generating mechanisms. 14 pages.

Pennsylvania courts and federal courts applying Pennsylvania law have held, in several of the cases arising from the French and Pickering v Natale matter, that the breaching landowner is personally liable for compensatory damages arising from a breach of a restrictive covenant in a conservation easement. There are no other reported cases in which enforcement of a promise to pay in a conservation easement has been sought in any Pennsylvania court of appeals.

The Martha's Vineyard Land Bank has conserved 3000 acres of the island by collection of a 2% transfer fee on most transactions. Although administered by a private conservancy, the fee is not a private transfer tax imposed by covenant but was, instead, created by enabling legislation

The Martha's Vineyard Land Bank has conserved 3000 acres of the island by collection of a 2% transfer fee on most transactions. Although administered by a private conservancy, the fee is not a private transfer tax imposed by covenant but was, instead, created by enabling legislation and is enforced by detailed regulations governing the administration of the fee.

Used to secure payment of deferred contributions, private transfer fees and other conservation contributions promised by present landowners and to be paid by either them or future owners. The model offers ten basic ways to structure financial arrangements. Read the commentary, not just the model document!

The Model Donation Memorandum puts into practice the research, analysis and recommendations of the Pledges and Donation Agreement guide. The commentary to the model is intended as a resource, to explain the purpose of each provision in the model memorandum, refer the user to pertinent portions of the guide for further analysis; and provide alternative and optional provisions.

A strategy that will assure payment of the stewardship fee is to secure the obligation with an open-end mortgage on the conserved property. An open-end mortgage can secure payment of an obligation that has not come into existence yet; for example, an obligation to provide additional funds for stewardship upon certain changes in the conserved property. This is the section of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes dealing with open-end mortgages.

Private transfer fees (sometimes referred to as private transfer taxes by those opposed to them) have had a mixed reception. This article expresses the views against private transfer fees.

The Treasure Lake Homeowners' Association case decided by the Pennsylvania Superior Court in 2003 upholds the principle that there is a duty on the part of the landowner to share in the costs of services that benefit his ownership in land. The Treasure Lake case also confirms that the remedies available to the beneficiary of a promise to pay a sum of money that qualifies as a covenant running with the land are not limited to remedies against the land (such as an injunction or foreclosure of a lien against the land) but also include the right to obtain a judgment for the unpaid sum against the owner collectible from the owner's assets including but not limited to the land. For more information, see the Stewardship Fees Binding Future Owners to Present Promises guide.